Surge in spending demands restraint

The debate in Washington over reducing spending on Medicaid should not be framed solely as a fight over cuts. It should focus on reform. America needs to rein in the cost of Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) without compromising the safety net for those who are in need.

From 2019 to 2024, federal spending on these programs surged 53%, from $409 billion to $626 billion. During that period, inflation and population growth combined to total 28%. Improper payments under Medicaid and CHIP were estimated at $32 billion in 2024.

No private-sector organization would sustain that increase and level of waste without acting.

Taxpayers deserve greater accountability, and vulnerable Americans require a stable safety net. Reform does not mean abandonment. It means modernization, targeting, responsibility and accountability. Congress should take several steps to address this.

First, enact and enforce work requirements for able-bodied adults without dependent children. Medicaid and similar programs must serve as springboards to independence, not long-term crutches. Requiring work, job training or community engagement restores accountability, fosters personal responsibility and reinforces the dignity that comes with self-sufficiency.

Second, terminate the remaining COVID-19 era expansions of Medicaid and CHIP. The public health emergency is long over. It's time to roll back the extraordinary measures that were meant to be temporary. Allowing them to linger drives up costs and dilutes the focus of these programs, preventing them from helping those in need.

Third, restrict federal Medicaid funding to documented residents only. Emergency services for undocumented immigrants may remain, but such coverage should be the responsibility of states that choose to provide it — without federal reimbursement. Continuing to subsidize such coverage invites further undocumented immigration and undermines enforcement efforts.

Fourth, crack down on state-level reimbursement schemes that exploit loopholes to game the federal match. These practices siphon taxpayer dollars and distort the original purpose. Federal authorities must strengthen oversight and impose penalties to end these backdoor budget gimmicks and abuses.

Fifth, tighten federal oversight by enhancing audits, upgrading internal controls and ramping up enforcement. Fraud, waste and abuse must be aggressively rooted out. While some level of error is inevitable in large systems, tolerance for it never should be. Every misallocated dollar is a missed opportunity to support someone who genuinely needs help.

Finally, lawmakers should consider capping federal costs and providing states more flexibility through block grants with minimal federal standards. States understand their populations better and can design more efficient, effective programs as long as accountability is in place.

Reforming Medicaid and CHIP is just one piece of a larger puzzle. The broader U.S. health care system is unsustainable. Health care costs are the second-largest driver of future federal spending, behind only interest on the debt. And despite spending more of our economy on health care than any other nation, our outcomes are below average for an industrialized nation. That is unacceptable.

We must move away from the fee-for-service model, which rewards volume over value. Instead, payments should promote better care at a lower cost. Prescription drugs need expanded price negotiation — and a ban on direct-to-consumer advertising.

Liability reform is also long overdue to curb unnecessary services and reduce malpractice litigation. In addition, the federal government should implement recommendations from the 2014 end-of-life study I co-chaired.

In the long term, we must reconsider the federal role in health care. One option is a universal, publicly funded plan that covers preventive, wellness and catastrophic care. Americans could purchase supplemental coverage, while additional federal efforts would focus on veterans, low-income individuals and those with disabilities.

Medicaid and CHIP have grown dramatically and are inefficient and vulnerable to abuse. Delaying action puts taxpayers and those in need at risk. Our public health and fiscal future depend on getting this right.