House Veterans' Affairs Committee Issues Report on Deborah Sampson Act (Part 2 of 3)

WASHINGTON, Feb. 13 -- The House Veterans' Affairs Committee issued a report (H.Rpt. 116-281) on the Deborah Sampson Act (H.R. 3224), which amends title 38 of the U.S. Code to provide for increased access to Department of Veterans Affairs medical care for women veterans. The report was advanced by Rep. Mark Takano, D-California, on Nov. 12.

Continued from Part 1

Subtitle B--Other Matters Sec. 321. Anti-harassment and anti-sexual assault policy of the Department of Veterans Affairs

This section requires the Secretary to establish a comprehensive policy to end harassment and sexual assault, including gender-based harassment. The policy will include: Responses of incidents of harassment and sexual assault by any veteran or other public visitor to VA facility, and following disciplinary measures, a process for reporting and responding to harassment and sexual assault, mandatory reporting requirements applicable to an employee or contractor of the VA who witnesses harassment or sexual assault, disciplinary actions for employees or contractors who fail to report these incidents, mandatory annual training for employees and contractors regarding how to report and address harassment and sexual assault, including bystander intervention training, the distribution of anti-harassment and anti-sexual assault education materials by mail or email to individuals receiving a benefit, the prominent display of anti-harassment and anti-sexual assault messages in each VA facility, including how to report harassment or assault, the posting of these materials on the VA website, and establishes points of contacts for each VA facility, Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) facility, regional benefits office, and VACO.

Sec. 322. Support for organizations that have a focus on providing assistance to women veterans and their families

This section grants not less than $20,000,000 to be available for the provision of financial assistance to organizations that have a focus on providing assistance to women veterans and their families.

Sec. 323. Gap analysis of Department of Veterans Affairs programs that provide assistance to women veterans who are homeless

This section instructs the Secretary to complete a gap analysis of VA programs that provide assistance to women veterans who are homeless and report it to Congress. This analysis will identify areas in which these programs are successful or where they fail to meet the needs of homeless women veterans.

Sec. 324. Department of Veterans Affairs public-private partnership on legal services for women veterans

This section establishes a partnership between the Secretary and at least one nongovernmental organization to provide legal services to women veterans.

Sec. 325. Program to assist veterans who experience intimate partner violence or sexual assault

This section necessitates that the Secretary carry out a program to assist veterans and former members of the armed forces who have experienced or who are experiencing IPV or sexual assault. This program will be in collaboration with intimate violence shelters or programs, state assault coalitions, and other health or service providers. The Secretary may include in their program training for community- based service providers, assistance for service providers to ensure emergency services--including for members of Indian tribes--and other outreach and assistance deemed necessary. The Secretary may appoint local coordinators.

Sec. 326. Study and task force on veterans experiencing intimate partner violence or sexual assault

This section establishes a national baseline study and responsive task force. The Secretary shall conduct a national baseline study of the scope of the problem of sexual assault and IPV among veterans, their spouses, or their intimate partners. Subsequently, the Secretary--in consultation with the Attorney General and Secretary of Health and Human Services-- shall establish a national task force to develop comprehensive national programs that include integrating facilities, services, and benefits of the VA. The task force will consult with representatives from not fewer than three national organizations and not fewer than three state coalitions. Task force duties include: reviewing existing services and policies of VA to develop a national program addressing IPV and sexual assault prevention, response, and treatment, reviewing feasibility of expedited processes regarding housing, temporary benefits in case of emergency, identifying requirements regarding IPV assistance or sexual assault response services that are not being met by VA, making recommendations regarding feasibility of providing direct services for veterans in response to sexual assault, including through the use of a nurse examiner--especially in underserved/remote areas, including Native Americans, reviewing availability of counseling services, and annual reporting gathered information.

The full text of the report is found at: h

$H HRept116279

House Homeland Security Committee Issues Report on Pipeline Security Act

WASHINGTON, Feb. 5 -- The House Homeland Security Committee issued a report (H.Rpt. 116-279) on the Pipeline Security Act (H.R. 3699), which codifies the Transportation Security Administration's responsibility relating to securing pipelines against cybersecurity threats, acts of terrorism and other nefarious acts that jeopardize the physical security or cybersecurity of pipelines. The report was advanced by Rep. Bennie G. Thompson, D-Mississippi, on Nov. 12.

Excerpts of the report follow:

Purpose and Summary...1

Background and Need for Legislation...2

Hearings...2

Committee Consideration...2

Committee Votes...3

Committee Oversight Findings...3

C.B.O. Estimate, New Budget Authority, Entitlement Authority, and Tax Expenditures...3

Federal Mandates Statement...4

Statement of General Performance Goals and Objectives...4

Duplicative Federal Programs...4

Congressional Earmarks, Limited Tax Benefits, and Limited Tariff Benefits...

Advisory Committee Statement...

Applicability to Legislative Branch...

Section-by-Section Analysis of the Legislation...5

Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported...6

Purpose and Summary

The purpose of H.R. 3699, the "Pipeline Security Act," is to codify the Transportation Security Administration's (TSA) responsibility related to securing pipelines against cybersecurity threats, acts of terrorism, and other nefarious acts that jeopardize the physical security or cybersecurity of pipelines. The bill also sets requirements for a pipeline security section within TSA to help carry out this mission. Under this bill, TSA's pipeline security section must develop guidelines for pipeline security and conduct inspections of pipelines and pipeline facilities. In addition, the bill requires TSA and the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) to coordinate and develop a personnel strategy for the staffing of the pipeline security section. Finally, the bill requires the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to conduct a review of the implementation of this Act.

Background and Need for Legislation

Pipelines have long been defined by statute and the Federal government as a mode of transportation. Since the establishment of TSA in 2001, TSA has maintained responsibility for securing pipeline systems as part of its mission to secure all modes of transportation. This bill cements that both the physical and cyber security of pipelines fall within TSA's jurisdiction at the Federal level. The bill also requires TSA to bolster its pipeline security activities and develop a strategy for staffing such efforts appropriately.

Hearings

For the purpose of section 103(i) of H. Res 6. Of the 116th Congress the following related hearing was held:

A joint Subcommittee on Transportation and Maritime Security and Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection, and Innovation hearing on February 22, 2019, entitled, "Securing U.S. Surface Transportation from Cyber Attacks."

Committee Consideration

The Committee met on July 17, 2019, with a quorum being present, to consider H.R. 3699 and ordered the measure to be reported to the House with a favorable recommendation, with amendment, by unanimous consent.

The following amendment was offered and agreed to by unanimous consent: An amendment offered by Mrs. Lesko.

Page 4, Line 14 ", consistent with the National Institute of Standards and Technology Framework for Improvement of Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity and any update to such guidelines pursuant to section 2(c)(15) of the National Institute for Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 272(c)(15))" Page 4, Line 14 Insert "voluntary" after "Conducting" Page 5, Line 6 insert "policies," after "security".

Page 5, Strike lines 9 through 15 and insert . . .

Page 5, line 23 insert Page 7, line 10 strike "additional" Add at the end SEC. 6 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT.

Committee Votes

Clause 3(b) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives requires the Committee to list the recorded votes on the motion to report legislation and amendments thereto.

No recorded votes were requested during consideration of H.R. 3699.

Committee Oversight Findings

In compliance with clause 3(c)(1) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives, the Committee advises that the findings and recommendations of the Committee, based on oversight activities under clause 2(b)(1) of rule X of the Rules of the House of Representatives, are incorporated in the descriptive portions of this report.

Congressional Budget Office Estimate New Budget Authority, Entitlement Authority, and Tax Expenditures

With respect to the requirements of clause 3(c)(2) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives and section 308(a) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 and with respect to requirements of clause (3)(c)(3) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives and section 402 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974, the Committee adopts as its own the cost estimate prepared by the Director of the Congressional Budget Office.

U.S. Congress, Congressional Budget Office, Washington, DC, September 4, 2019.

Hon. Bennie G. Thompson, Chairman, Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives, Washington, DC.

Dear Mr. Chairman: The Congressional Budget Office has prepared the enclosed cost estimate for H.R. 3699, the Pipeline Security Act.

If you wish further details on this estimate, we will be pleased to provide them. The CBO staff contact is Matthew Pickford.

Sincerely, Phillip L. Swagel, Director.

Enclosure.

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H.R. 3699 would restate the role of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) within the Department of Homeland Security in administering the department's program to protect pipelines from terrorists. The bill also would authorize TSA to develop a personnel strategy to enhance the effectiveness of that program and to report to the Congress. Finally, H.R. 3699 would require the Government Accountability Office to report on the bill's implementation.

Because TSA is already pursuing activities similar to those called for in the bill, CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 3699 would have no significant effect on spending subject to appropriation.

The CBO staff contact for this estimate is Matthew Pickford. The estimate was reviewed by H. Samuel Papenfuss, Deputy Assistant Director for Budget Analysis.

Federal Mandates Statement

The Committee adopts as its own the cost estimate prepared by the Director of the Congressional Budget Office.

Duplicative Federal Programs

Pursuant to clause 3(c) of rule XIII, the Committee finds that H.R. 3699 does not contain any provision that establishes or reauthorizes a program known to be duplicative of another Federal program.

Performance Goals and Objectives

The Committee states that pursuant to clause 3(c)(4) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives, H.R. 3699 seeks to authorize TSA's pipeline security responsibilities and bolster its activities related to securing pipelines against cybersecurity threats, acts of terrorism, and other nefarious acts that jeopardize the physical security or cybersecurity of pipelines.

Advisory on Earmarks

In compliance with rule XXI of the Rules of the House of Representatives, this bill, as reported, contains no congressional earmarks, limited tax benefits, or limited tariff benefits as defined in clause 9(d), 9(e), or 9(f) of the rule XXI.

Section-by-Section Analysis of the Legislation

Sec. 1. Short title

This section provides that this bill may be cited as the "Pipeline Security Act".

Sec. 2. Pipeline security responsibilities

This section amends subsection (f) of section 114 of title 49, United States Code, to add a new paragraph directing that the TSA Administrator, in coordination with the CISA Director, to maintain responsibility relating to securing pipeline transportation and pipeline facilities against cybersecurity threats, acts of terrorism, and other nefarious acts that jeopardize the physical security or cybersecurity of pipeline transportation or facilities. The Committee believes that, as a DHS component with appropriate access to intelligence and security expertise, TSA is best positioned within the Federal government to secure all modes of transportation, including pipelines. Moreover, having CISA as a sister agency within DHS, enhances DHS' ability to engage with pipeline operators on cybersecurity matters.

Sec. 3. Pipeline security section

This section amends Title XII of the Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007 by establishing a pipeline security section within TSA to carry out pipeline security programs. The mission of the pipeline security section is to oversee, in coordination with CISA, the security of pipeline transportation and pipeline facilities against cybersecurity threats, acts of terrorism, and other nefarious acts that jeopardize the physical security or cybersecurity of such transportation or facilities.

Additionally, this section requires the TSA Administrator to appoint a section head to the pipeline security section who has pipeline industry and security expertise. It also requires that the section be staffed by a workforce that includes personnel with cybersecurity expertise.

Further, this section describes the responsibilities of the pipeline security section, which include developing guidelines for the improvement of the physical security and cybersecurity of pipeline transportation and pipeline facilities against specific threats, in coordination with key government, public, and private sector stakeholders. Additional responsibilities include the following: updating such guidelines based on intelligence and risk assessments no less than every three years and sharing them with relevant stakeholders; conducting security assessments based on such guidelines; carrying out a program to inspect pipelines and pipeline facilities, including inspections of pipeline facilities determined critical by the TSA Administrator based on a risk assessment conducted in consultation with key stakeholders; and preparing notice and comment regulations for publication, if determined necessary by the TSA Administrator.

This section also authorizes the TSA Administrator and CISA Director to detail personnel between their components, and it requires the pipeline security section to publish updated pipeline security guidelines not later than March 31, 2021.

Sec. 4. Personnel strategy

This section requires TSA, in coordination with CISA, to coordinate and develop a personnel strategy for the staffing of the pipeline security section. Upon development of the strategy, the TSA Administrator must provide the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate with a copy of such a strategy. The strategy must take into consideration the most recently published versions of key DHS and TSA strategy documents.

Sec. 5. Oversight

This section requires the TSA Administrator to report to the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate about the activities of the pipeline security section, including information with respect to guidelines, security assessments, and inspections, no less than annually. Each report must include a determination by the Administrator regarding whether a need exists for new regulations or non-regulatory initiatives and the basis for such a determination.

Finally, the section requires GAO to conduct a review of the implementation of the Act, not later than two years after the date of enactment.

The full text of the report is found at: https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/116th-congress/house-report/279/1?s=1&r=110

$H HRept116268

House Science, Space & Technology Committee Issues Report on Identifying Outputs of Generative Adversarial Networks Act

WASHINGTON, Feb. 5 -- The House Science, Space and Technology Committee issued a report (H.Rpt. 116-268) on the Identifying Outputs of Generative Adversarial Networks Act (H.R. 4355), which directs the Director of the National Science Foundation to support research on the outputs that may be generated by generative adversarial networks, otherwise known as deepfakes and other comparable techniques that may be developed in the future. The report was advanced by Rep. Eddie Bernice Johnson, D-Texas, on Nov. 5.

Excerpts of the report follow:

I. Amendment...2

II. Purpose of the Bill...3

III. Background and Need for the Legislation...3

IV. Committee Hearings...4

V. Committee Consideration and Votes...4

VI. Summary of Major Provisions of the Bill...4

VII. Section-By-Section Analysis (By Title and Section)...5

VIII. Committee Views...6

IX. Cost Estimate...6

X. Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate...6

XI. Compliance with Public Law 104-4 (Unfunded Mandates)...7

XII. Committee Oversight Findings and Recommendations...7

XIII. Statement on General Performance Goals and Objectives...7

XIV. Federal Advisory Committee Statement...8

XV. Duplication of Federal Programs...8

XVI. Earmark Identification...8

XVII. Applicability to the Legislative Branch...8

XVIII.Statement on Preemption of State, Local, or Tribal Law...8

XIX. Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, As Reported...8

XX. Proceedings of Full Committee Markup...8

II. Purpose of the Bill

The purpose of the bill is to provide for research on manipulated or synthesized content and information authenticity, including output of generative adversarial networks, otherwise known as deepfakes and to encourage public- private partnerships to develop standards for detecting and identifying such content.

III. Background and Need for the Legislation

Disinformation in its many forms has long been used by governments and rogue organizations and individuals as a weapon against adversaries. The problem has become more pervasive in the past decade with the explosive growth of social media, which provides an opportunity for hostile actors to project disinformation directly into the popular discourse at little cost.

Advancements in computing power and the widespread use of artificial intelligence over the past several years have made it easier and cheaper than ever before to manipulate and reproduce photographs and video and audio clips potentially harmful or deceptive to the American public and to the integrity of our democratic institutions and processes, including fake videos featuring "people" who do not really exist. AI programs can also write convincing articles and blog posts that seem to be written by real humans. This technology, often referred to as "deepfake technology" has developed rapidly over the past several years with no clear method of identifying and stopping it from becoming a major threat to national security, economic security, or public health. The ability to identify and label this content is critical to preventing bad actors from using manipulated images and videos to shift U.S. public opinion. While the deep fake technology continues to mature, researchers are only beginning to develop the knowledge and tools that will help the public and private sector distinguish authentic content from manipulated or synthesized content.

IV. Committee Hearings

On September 26, 2019, the Investigations and Oversight Subcommittee held a hearing entitled, "Online Imposters and Disinformation." The purpose of the hearing was to explore the enabling technologies for disinformation online, including deep fakes, explore trends and emerging technology in the field, and consider research strategies that can help stem the tide of malicious inauthentic behavior. The hearing featured a demonstration of a deep fake video created using the words and video of two Members of Congress.

Three witnesses testified: Dr. Hany Farid, Professor, Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and the School of Information, University of California, Berkeley; Dr. Siwei Lyu, Professor, Department of Computer Science, Director, Computer Vision and Machine Learning Lab, University at Albany, State University of New York; and Ms. Camille Francois; Chief Innovation Officer, Graphika.

V. Committee Consideration and Votes

On September 17, 2019 Rep. Anthony Gonzalez and Rep. Haley Stevens, as well as Rep. Jim Baird and Rep. Katie Hill, introduced H.R. 4355, the Identifying Outputs of Generative Adversarial Networks Act. The bill was referred to the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee.

On September 25, 2019, the Committee met to consider H.R. 4355. Mr. Gonzalez offered an amendment in the nature of a substitute to make technical corrections and conforming changes. The amendment was agreed to by voice vote. Mr. Beyer introduced an amendment to the amendment to include fundamental research on technical tools for identifying manipulated or synthesized content, such as watermarking systems for generated media. The amendment was agreed to by voice vote. Ms. Wexton introduced an amendment to the amendment to include research on public understanding and awareness of manipulated or synthesized content, including research on best practices. The amendment was agreed to by voice vote. Ms. Johnson moved that the Committee favorably report the bill, H.R. 4355, to the House with the recommendation that the bill be approved. The motion was agreed to by voice vote.

VI. Summary of Major Provisions of the Bill

The Act directs the National Science Foundation (NSF) to support research on manipulated or synthesized content and information security, including fundamental research on digital media forensic tools, social and behavioral research, and research awards coordinated with other federal agencies and programs including NITRD, DARPA and IARPA.

The Act directs the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to support research for the development of measurements and standards necessary to accelerate the development of technological tools to examine the function and outputs of generative adversarial networks and other technologies that synthesize or manipulate content.

Further the Act directs NSF and NIST to jointly submit to Congress a report on the feasibility of and policy recommendations for a public-private partnership for research to detect manipulated or synthesized content.

VII. Section-by-Section Analysis (By Title and Section)

Section 1. Short title

Identifying Outputs of Generative Adversarial Networks Act or the IOGAN Act.

Section 2. Findings

Provides findings for the Act that there are research gaps on the underlying technology needed to develop tools to identify authentic videos, voice reproduction, or photos and those generated by generative adversarial networks (otherwise known as "deepfakes"), and that there is a role for the NSF in conducting research on these gaps including social and behavioral research.

Section 3. NSF support of research on manipulated or synthesized content and information security

Directs the National Science Foundation, in consultation with other Federal agencies, to conduct research on manipulated or synthesized content and information authenticity, including fundamental research on digital forensic tools and social and behavioral research on the ethics of the technology and human engagement with the content.

Section 4. NIST support for research and standards on generative adversarial networks

Directs the National Institute of Standards and Technology to support research for the development of measurements and standards necessary to accelerate the development of the technological tools to examine the function and outputs of generative adversarial networks and other technologies that synthesize or manipulate content; Directs NIST to solicit input from private, public, and academic stakeholders; Directs NIST to consider the feasibility of an ongoing public and private sector engagement to develop voluntary standards for the outputs of generative adversarial networks and other technologies.

Section 5. Report on feasibility of public-private partnership to detect manipulated or synthesized content

Directs NSF and NIST to jointly submit to Congress a report on opportunities for research partnerships with the private sector on generative adversarial networks or other technologies that synthesize or manipulate content.

Section 6. Generative adversarial network defined

Provides a definition for "generative adversarial network".

VIII. Committee Views

The intent of this legislation is to accelerate the progress of research and the development of measurements, standards, and tools to combat manipulated media content, including the outputs of generative adversarial networks, commonly called "deepfakes."

The Committee recognizes that NSF is already making investments in the area of manipulated or synthesized content through its Secure and Trustworthy Cyberspace (SaTC) and Robust Intelligence (RI) programs. The Committee encourages NSF to continue to fund cross-directorate research through these programs and others to achieve the purposes of this Act, including social and behavioral research on the ethics of these technologies and human interaction with the content generated by these technologies.

The Committee intends for NSF and NIST, in carrying out this Act, to work with other agencies conducting work on detecting manipulated and synthesized content, including DARPA, IARPA and the agencies that participate in the NITRD program, to ensure coordination and avoid duplication of effort.

IX. Cost Estimate

Pursuant to clause 3(c)(2) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives, the Committee adopts as its own the estimate of new budget authority, entitlement authority, or tax expenditures or revenues contained in the cost estimate prepared by the Director of the Congressional Budget Office pursuant to section 402 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974.

X. Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate

U.S. Congress, Congressional Budget Office, Washington, DC, October 29, 2019.

Hon. Eddie Bernice Johnson, Chairwoman, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives, Washington, DC.

Dear Madam Chairwoman: The Congressional Budget Office has prepared the enclosed cost estimate for H.R. 4355, the Identifying Outputs of Generative Adversarial Networks Act.

If you wish further details on this estimate, we will be pleased to provide them. The CBO staff contact is Janani Shankaran.

Sincerely, Phillip L. Swagel, Director.

Enclosure.

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H.R. 4355 would require the National Science Foundation (NSF) to support research on manipulated digital content and information authenticity. The bill also would direct the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to create measurements and standards for the development of technological tools that examine generative adversarial networks (GANs), which are used to produce manipulated content.

Using information from the NSF, CBO estimates that implementing the bill would have no significant cost for the NSF because the agency is already carrying out the required activities through its existing grant programs. Using information from NIST, CBO estimates that the agency would require 10 additional employees at an average annual cost of $175,000 each over the 2020-2022 period to establish a research program on GANs and similar technologies. The bill also would direct NIST and the NSF to report to the Congress on related policy recommendations. Based on the costs of similar tasks, CBO estimates that developing the report would cost less than $500,000. In total, CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 4355 would cost $6 million over the 2020-2024 period; such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds.

The CBO staff contacts for this estimate are Janani Shankaran and David Hughes. The estimate was reviewed by H. Samuel Papenfuss, Deputy Assistant Director for Budget Analysis.

XI. Federal Mandates Statement

H.R. 4355 contains no unfunded mandates.

XII. Committee Oversight Findings and Recommendations

The Committee's oversight findings and recommendations are reflected in the body of this report.

XIII. Statement on General Performance Goals and Objectives

The goal of this legislation is to support research and development on technical and other tools to assist the public and private sectors in identifying manipulated and synthesized content online.

XIV. Federal Advisory Committee Statement

H.R. 4355 does not create any advisory committees.

XV. Duplication of Federal Programs

Pursuant to clause 3(c)(5) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives, the Committee finds that no provision of H.R. 4355 establishes or reauthorizes a program of the federal government known to be duplicative of another federal program, including any program that was included in a report to Congress pursuant to section 21 of Public Law 111-139 or the most recent Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance.

XVI. Earmark Identification

Pursuant to clause 9(e), 9(f), and 9(g) of rule XXI, the Committee finds that H.R. 4355 contains no earmarks, limited tax benefits, or limited tariff benefits.

XVII. Applicability to the Legislative Branch

The Committee finds that H.R. 4355 does not relate to the terms and conditions of employment or access to public services or accommodations within the meaning of section 102(b)(3) of the Congressional Accountability Act (Public Law 104-1).

XVIII. Statement on Preemption of State, Local, or Tribal Law

This bill is not intended to preempt any state, local, or tribal law.

XIX. Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported

This legislation does not amend any existing Federal statute.

XX. Proceedings of the Full Committee Markup

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The full text of the report is found at: https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/116th-congress/house-report/268/1?s=1&r=121

H HRept116269

House Science, Space & Technology Committee Issues Report on MSI STEM Achievement Act

WASHINGTON, Feb. 5 -- The House Science, Space and Technology Committee issued a report (H.Rpt. 116-269) on the MSI STEM Achievement Act (H.R. 4372), which directs federal science agencies and the Office of Science and Technology Policy to undertake activities to improve the quality of undergraduate STEM education and enhance the research capacity at historically black colleges and universities, tribal colleges and universities and minority serving institutions. The report was advanced by Rep. Eddie Bernice Johnson, D-Texas, on Nov. 5.

Excerpts of the report follow:

I. Amendment...2

II. Purpose of the Bill...5

III. Background and Need for the Legislation...5

IV. Committee Hearings...6

V. Committee Consideration and Votes...7

VI. Summary of Major Provisions of the Bill...7

VII. Section-By-Section Analysis (By Title and Section)...7

VIII. Committee Views...8

IX. Cost Estimate...9

X. Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate...9

XI. Compliance with Public Law 104-4 (Unfunded Mandates)...12

XII. Committee Oversight Findings and Recommendations...12

XIII. Statement on General Performance Goals and Objectives...12

XIV. Federal Advisory Committee Statement...12

XV. Duplication of Federal Programs...12

XVI. Earmark Identification...12

XVII. Applicability to the Legislative Branch...12

XVIII.Statement on Preemption of State, Local, or Tribal Law...12

XIX. Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, As Reported...13

XX. Proceedings of Full Committee Markup...13

II. Purpose of the Bill

The purpose of the bill is to direct Federal science agencies and the Office of Science and Technology Policy to undertake activities to improve the quality of undergraduate STEM education and enhance the research capacity at the Nation's HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs.

III. Background and Need for the Legislation

As industries across all sectors become increasingly reliant on advanced technologies, the demand for STEM skills is at an all-time high. There are not enough graduates who are prepared to enter the workforce equipped with the STEM knowledge and skills employers need. The Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts a significant shortage of STEM workers in the coming decade. One of the key challenges facing the U.S. science and engineering enterprise is a lack of diversity in the STEM workforce.

Demographic shifts in the U.S. population are approaching an inflection point. The U.S. Census Bureau projects that by 2045, white Americans will no longer comprise the majority of the population. During that year, non-Hispanic whites will comprise 49.7 percent of the population, while Hispanics will comprise 24.6 percent, African Americans 13.1 percent, Asians 7.9 percent, and multiracial populations 3.8 percent. Although the Nation as a whole is diversifying, the STEM workforce has been slow to respond.

Compared with their proportions in the U.S. population, members of racial and ethnic minority groups are significantly underrepresented in the STEM workforce. While the representation of American Indians in STEM occupations increased from 1993 (0.2 percent) to 2006 (0.4 percent), that progress was reversed and only 0.2 percent of STEM occupations were held by American Indians in 2015. While Hispanic employment in STEM occupations has steadily increased (from 2.9 to 6 percent) from 1993 to 2015, progress for African Americans has been much slower (from 3.6 to 4.8 percent).

Underrepresented minority students have long been an untapped resource for U.S. science and technology capacity, but as the Nation becomes more diverse the Nation can no longer afford to ignore this valuable source of STEM talent. MSIs have a proven track record of recruiting, retaining, and graduating students from underrepresented groups with the STEM skills employers need. However, more investment and outreach is needed to enable MSIs to fully realize their potential to contribute to the STEM workforce.

The National Academy of Sciences released a 2018 report entitled ``Minority Serving Institutions: America's Underutilized Resource for Strengthening the STEM Workforce'' that highlights MSI contributions to the STEM workforce. Included in the Committee's recommendations was a call for funding agencies to continue to develop and expand grant competition programs that serve the nations MSIs.

IV. Committee Hearings

On May 9, 2019, the full Committee held a hearing entitled, ``Achieving the Promise of a Diverse STEM Workforce.'' The purpose of the hearing was to explore the need for a diverse STEM workforce and assess the lessons learned, model programs, enduring challenges, and future opportunities for expanding access to STEM studies and careers.

Five witnesses testified: (1) Dr. Mae Jemison, Principal, 100 Year Starship. Dr. Jemison provided testimony on a National Academies of Science study underway to examine ``the evidence behind the most successful policies, practices, and strategies that have demonstrated effectiveness in opening doors to women's participation and success'' in STEM. (2) Dr. Shirley Malcom, Senior Advisor and Director of SEA Change, American Association for the Advancement of Science. Dr. Malcom provided testimony on the SEA Change initiative and other AAAS activities in support of increasing diversity in STEM. (3) Dr. Lorelle Espinosa, Vice President for Research, American Council on Education. Dr. Espinosa provided testimony on the findings and recommendations of the 2018 National Academies of Science report entitled Minority Serving Institutions: America's Underutilized Resource for Strengthening the STEM Workforce. (4) Dr. James L. Moore III, Vice Provost for Diversity and Inclusion and Chief Diversity Officer, The Ohio State University. Dr. Moore provided testimony on activities at The Ohio State University institution to address the issue of diversity and the role that public and land-grant universities play in broadening participation in STEM. (5) Ms. Barbara Whye, Chief Diversity and Inclusion Officer, Vice President of Human Resources, Intel. Ms. Whye provided testimony on efforts underway at Intel to increase the diversity of its workforce.

V. Committee Consideration and Votes

On September 18, 2019, Chairwoman Eddie Bernice Johnson and Representative Michael Waltz introduced H.R. 4372, the MSI STEM Achievement Act. The bill was referred to the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology.

On September 25, 2019, the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology met to consider H.R. 4372. Ms. Johnson offered an amendment to include an authorization of appropriations for NSF to carry out the activities in the Act for fiscal years 2020- 2024. The amendment was agreed to on a voice vote. Ms. Johnson moved that the Committee favorably report the bill, H.R. 4372, to the House with the recommendation that the bill be approved. The motion was agreed to by a voice vote.

VI. Summary of Major Provisions of the Bill

H.R. 4372 directs GAO to compile an inventory of competitive Federal funding programs that are targeted to HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs and make recommendations for what steps Federal science agencies can take to increase participation and competitiveness of HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs in such programs. The Act also provides for research on the challenges and opportunities for HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs to contribute to the STEM workforce and support for effective mechanisms to build the research and STEM education capacity of such institutions.

The Act directs the Office of Science and Technology Policy to work with Federal science agencies to develop and implement a national strategy to increase clarity, transparency, and accountability for Federal science agency investments in research and STEM education at HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs.

VII. Section-by-Section Analysis (By Title and Section)

Section 1. Short title

MSI STEM Achievement Act

Section 2. Findings

Summarizes the need for increased investment to build on the success HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs have had in recruiting, retaining, and graduating underrepresented minority students who are ready to enter the STEM workforce.

Section 3. Government Accountability Office Review Directs GAO to report to Congress an inventory of Federal science agency competitive funding programs targeted to MSIs. Also directs GAO to assess Federal science agency outreach to MSIs and make recommendations for steps agencies can take to increase the participation and competitiveness of MSIs in such programs.

Section 4. Research and capacity building

Directs NSF to support research on the challenges and successes MSIs have had in contributing to the STEM workforce. Also directs NSF to support research focused on building the research capacity of MSIs, encouraging mutually beneficial partnerships, and scaling up successful model programs for use by other universities. Authorizes $170,000,000 for fiscal year 2020, $175,000,000 for fiscal year 2021, $180,000,000 for fiscal year 2022, $185,000,000 for fiscal year 2023, and $190,000,000 fiscal year 2024 for NSF to carry out this section.

Section 5. Agency responsibilities

Directs OSTP to issue uniform policy guidance for Federal science agencies to improve outreach to MSIs with the goal of increasing awareness among MSIs of funding opportunities and building MSI capacity to submit competitive proposals and manage awarded grants. Also directs OSTP to work with Federal science agencies to develop a strategic plan for how to modify existing or develop new programs or processes to make Federal STEM education and research funding more accessible to MSIs.

Section 6. Definitions

Defines terms used in the bill.

VIII. Committee Views

It is the intent of the Committee that for the purposes of this Act, MSIs include Hispanic-Serving Institutions, Alaska Native-Serving Institutions, Native Hawaiian-Serving Institutions, Predominantly Black Institutions, Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander-Serving Institutions, and Native American-Serving Nontribal Institutions. The Committee recognizes that each HBCU, TCU, and MSI cohort has distinct strengths and challenges and the Committee encourages OSTP and Federal science agencies to carry out the activities of the Act while accounting for the diversity among these institutions with respect to local context, cultural differences, organizational structure, student populations, and institutional mission priorities.

In carrying out the activities in the Act, the Committee expects NSF to support its existing portfolio of STEM education and research programs targeted to HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs at funding levels no lower than those in fiscal year 2019. The Committee has provided the Director with the flexibility to use the additional funds provided in this Act to expand upon existing programs or create a new grant program as needed to fully achieve the goals and requirements of the Act.

The Committee encourages OSTP to issue guidelines for Federal science agencies to foster mutually beneficial public- private collaboration among government, industry, Federal laboratories, academia, and nonprofit organizations to--promote local economic development by making available to private companies, at reasonable cost, MSI facilities, such as wet labs, machine shops and clean rooms, as well as faculty and researchers as paid professional consultants to assist companies in growing their businesses; engage private sector STEM experts as instructors or co-instructors of classes to bring real-world experiences and examples to students; engage private sector STEM experts as mentors or co-mentors of students; place students in private sector internships and apprenticeships; and create entrepreneurship programs that promote faculty and student creation of private companies.

IX. Cost Estimate

Pursuant to clause 3(c)(2) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives, the Committee adopts as its own the estimate of new budget authority, entitlement authority, or tax expenditures or revenues contained in the cost estimate prepared by the Director of the Congressional Budget Office pursuant to section 402 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974.

X. Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate

U.S. Congress, Congressional Budget Office, Washington, DC, November 1, 2019.

Hon. Eddie Bernice Johnson, Chairwoman, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives, Washington, DC.

Dear Madam Chairwoman: The Congressional Budget Office has prepared the enclosed cost estimate for H.R. 4372, the MSI STEM Achievement Act.

If you wish further details on this estimate, we will be pleased to provide them. The CBO staff contact is Janani Shankaran.

Sincerely, Phillip L. Swagel, Director.

Enclosure.

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Bill Summary: H.R. 4372 would authorize the appropriation of $900 million over the 2020-2024 period for the National Science Foundation (NSF) to award grants to improve the capacity of minority-serving institutions (MSIs) of higher education--including historically black colleges and universities and tribal colleges and universities--to educate and train students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields.

The bill also would direct the Office of Science and Technology Policy to develop a uniform set of policy guidelines and a strategic plan for certain federal agencies to improve outreach to MSIs and to increase the capacity of MSIs to compete for federal grants and participate in federal programs. Finally, the bill would require the Government Accountability Office to develop an inventory of federal funding programs targeted toward MSIs.

Estimated Federal Cost: The estimated budgetary effect of H.R. 4372 is shown in Table 1. The costs of the legislation fall primarily within budget function 250 (general science, space, and technology).

TABLE 1.--ESTIMATED INCREASES IN SPENDING SUBJECT TO APPROPRIATION UNDER H.R. 4372

View table at https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/116th-congress/house-report/269/1?s=1&r=120

H.R. 4372 would authorize the appropriation of $170 million in 2020 for the National Science Foundation (NSF) to award grants. However, using information from the NSF, CBO estimates that $156 million has been allocated on an annualized basis from funds made available under the continuing resolution (Public Law 116-59), which provided appropriations through November 21, 2019. Thus, the estimated authorization for 2020 ($14 million) is equal to the specified amount ($170 million) minus the annualized amount from the continuing resolution ($156 million).

Basis of Estimate: For this estimate, CBO assumes that the legislation will be enacted in early 2020 and that the authorized and necessary amounts will be provided in each year. CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 4372 would cost $414 million over the 2020-2024 period.

National Science Foundation: Section 4 of the bill would authorize the appropriation of $170 million in 2020 and a total of $900 million over the 2020-2024 period for the NSF to award grants to improve the capacity of MSIs to educate and train students in STEM fields. In 2019, the NSF allocated $156 million for those purposes. Because CBO scores continuing resolutions on an annualized basis, in 2020 CBO assumes that the NSF will allocate the same amount from funds made available under the current continuing resolution (Public Law 116-59). As a result, CBO estimates that H.R. 4372 would authorize an increase in spending subject to appropriation in 2020 of $14 million, the difference between the authorized amount and the annualized amount under the continuing resolution. Based on historical spending patterns for the affected grants, CBO estimates that implementing section 4 would cost $409 million over the 2020-2024 period and $335 million after 2024.

Other Activities: Section 5 of the bill would direct the Office of Science and Technology Policy to develop a uniform set of policy guidelines and a strategic plan for certain federal agencies to improve outreach to MSIs and to increase the capacity of MSIs to compete for federal grants and participate in federal programs. CBO expects that six agencies with research expenditures exceeding $100 million annually--the Departments of Agriculture, Defense, Energy, and Health and Human Services, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the NSF--would be subject to the policy guidelines. Some of those agencies are already conducting activities to improve outreach to MSIs. On that basis, and considering the costs of similar tasks, CBO estimates that implementing section 5 would cost $1 million annually over the 2020-2024 period.

Section 3 of the bill would require the Government Accountability Office to develop an inventory of federal funding programs targeted toward MSIs. Based on the costs of similar tasks, CBO estimates that implementing the provision would cost less than $500,000; any spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds.

Pay-As-You-Go Considerations: None.

Increase in Long-Term Deficits: None.

Mandates: None.

Estimate Prepared By: Federal Costs: Janani Shankaran; Mandates: Brandon Lever.

Estimate Reviewed By: Kim P. Cawley, Chief, Natural and Physical Resources Cost Estimates Unit; H. Samuel Papenfuss, Deputy Assistant Director for Budget Analysis.

XI. Federal Mandates Statement

H.R. 4372 contains no unfunded mandates.

XII. Committee Oversight Findings and Recommendations

The Committee's oversight findings and recommendations are reflected in the body of this report.

XIII. Statement on General Performance Goals and Objectives

Pursuant to clause 3(c) of House Rule XIII, the goal of H.R. 4372 is to direct the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy and Federal science agencies to carry out programs and activities to improve clarity, transparency, and accountability for Federal science agency investments in research and STEM education at the Nation's HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs.

XIV. Federal Advisory Committee Statement

H.R. 4372, does not create any advisory committees.

XV. Duplication of Federal Programs

Pursuant to clause 3(c)(5) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives, the Committee finds that no provision of H.R. 4372 establishes or reauthorizes a program of the federal government known to be duplicative of another federal program, including any program that was included in a report to Congress pursuant to section 21 of Public Law 111-139 or the most recent Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance.

XVI. Earmark Identification

Pursuant to clause 9(e), 9(f), and 9(g) of rule XXI, the Committee finds that H.R. 4372 contains no earmarks, limited tax benefits, or limited tariff benefits.

XVII. Applicability to the Legislative Branch

The Committee finds that H.R. 4372 does not relate to the terms and conditions of employment or access to public services or accommodations within the meaning of section 102(b)(3) of the Congressional Accountability Act (Public Law 104-1).

XVIII. Statement on Preemption of State, Local, or Tribal Law

This bill is not intended to preempt any state, local, or tribal law.

XIX. Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported

This legislation does not amend any existing Federal statute.

XX. Proceedings of the Full Committee Markup

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The full text of the report is found at: https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/116th-congress/house-report/269/1?s=1&r=120

$H HRept116270

House Science, Space & Technology Committee Issues Report on Engineering Biology Research & Development Act

WASHINGTON, Feb. 5 -- The House Science, Space and Technology Committee issued a report (H.Rpt. 116-270) on the Engineering Biology Research and Development Act (H.R. 4373), which provides for a coordinated federal research initiative to ensure continued United States leadership in engineering biology. The report was advanced by Rep. Eddie Bernice Johnson, D-Texas, on Nov. 5.

Excerpts of the report follow:

I. Amendment...2

II. Purpose of the Bill...7

III. Background and Need for the Legislation...7

IV. Committee Hearings...8

V. Committee Consideration and Votes...8

VI. Summary of Major Provisions of the Bill...8

VII. Section-By-Section Analysis (By Title and Section)...9

VIII. Committee Views...10

IX. Cost Estimate...10

X. Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate...11

XI. Compliance with Public Law 104-4 (Unfunded Mandates)...12

XII. Committee Oversight Findings and Recommendations...12

XIII. Statement on General Performance Goals and Objectives...12

XIV. Federal Advisory Committee Statement...12

XV. Duplication of Federal Programs...12

XVI. Earmark Identification...12

XVII. Applicability to the Legislative Branch...12

XVIII.Statement on Preemption of State, Local, or Tribal Law...12

XIX. Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, As Reported...13

XX. Proceedings of Full Committee Markup...13

II. Purpose of the Bill

The purpose of the bill is to provide for a coordinated Federal research initiative to ensure continued United States leadership in engineering biology.

III. Background and Need for the Legislation

Engineering biology research applies engineering design principles and practices to biological systems such as molecular, cellular, and microbial systems, to advance fundamental understanding of complex natural systems and enable novel functions and capabilities. Engineering biology has the potential to address some of the most serious societal challenges, including providing food for a growing population, reducing our dependency on fossil fuels, protecting our environment, and improving human health. It will also drive our economy in the 21st century. U.S. revenues from engineered biological systems reached at least $388 billion in 2017, or 2 percent of GDP.

Other countries are making significant progress in engineering biology. China, in particular, has made it a priority to be the global leader in engineering biology and is investing accordingly. In 2018, a Chinese official publicly reported that the bioeconomy in China is growing at 15 percent annually and in 2015 generated $700 billion, or approximately 4 percent of GDP, with a government target to more than double this to $1.6 trillion by 2020. The European Union has also prioritized engineering biology research.

While the Administration, at the time of the filing of this legislative report, is taking steps toward the creation of a national bioeconomy initiative with a focus on Federal investments in engineering biology R&D, there is currently no formal mechanism for a coordinated federal government approach to investments in this field or to partnership with the private sector. Furthermore, the legislation ensures full transparency to the Congress and the public in the development of a federal research agenda and the process by which the agencies seek expert input from outside stakeholders. Finally, through its emphasis on societal implications, including ethics, safety, and security, this legislation ensures that the goal of U.S. economic leadership in the bioeconomy does not overtake the goal of ensuring responsible leadership that protects the public, including our most vulnerable populations, the environment, and our national security, and takes into account societal values.

H.R. 4373 creates the foundation for U.S. leadership in the bioeconomy while also ensuring that the U.S. is positioned to lead global discussions about safety, security, ethics, and other governance issues related to engineering biology.

IV. Committee Hearings

On March 12, 2019, the Subcommittee on Research and Technology of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology held a hearing to review the opportunities and challenges with new and emerging bioscience and biotechnologies with application in agriculture, energy, and manufacturing; to examine the role of the federal government in research and development (R&D) and oversight of such science and technologies; and to examine the status of U.S. leadership in engineering biology. An additional purpose of this hearing was to receive testimony on the Engineering Biology Research and Development Act.

The Subcommittee heard testimony from five witnesses: Dr. Rob Carlson, Managing Director of Bioeconomy Capital; Dr. Kevin Solomon, Assistant Professor of Agricultural & Biological Engineering at Purdue University; Dr. Eric Hegg, Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University and Michigan State University Subcontract Lead, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center; Dr. Sean Simpson, Chief Scientific Officer and Co-Founder of LanzaTech; and Dr. Laurie Zoloth, Margaret E. Burton Professor of Religion and Ethics, and Senior Advisor to the Provost for Programs in Social Ethics at the University of Chicago.

V. Committee Consideration and Votes

On September 18, 2019, Chairwoman Eddie Bernice Johnson, joined by Ranking Member Frank Lucas, Rep. Zoe Lofgren (D-CA) and Rep. James Sensenbrenner (R-WI) introduced H.R. 4373, the Engineering Biology Research and Development Act of 2019. The bill was referred to the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology.

On September 25, 2019, the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology met to consider H.R. 4373. Ms. Johnson offered an amendment to make technical corrections; to add curriculum development for secondary education in engineering biology to the list of activities to be supported by the National Science Foundation; and to updated the required study by the National Academies to include recommendations for researchers on how best to incorporate consideration of ethical and other societal issues into the design and conduct of their research. The amendment was agreed to on a voice vote. Ms. Johnson moved that the Committee favorably report the bill, H.R. 4373, to the House with the recommendation that the bill be approved. The motion was agreed to by a voice vote.

VI. Summary of Major Provisions of the Bill

H.R. 4374 would establish a federal engineering biology research initiative and require a national strategy for federal agency investments and a framework for interagency coordination. The legislation would also expand public-private partnerships and expand education and training for the next generation of engineering biology researchers. Further, it provides direction for mission-relevant activities in engineering biology for several agencies, including the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Finally, the legislation ensures that the authorized Initiative would address potential ethical, legal, environmental, safety and security issues associated with engineering biology research.

VII. Section-by-Section Analysis (By Title and Section)

Section 1. Short title

Engineering Biology Research and Development Act of 2019.

Section 2. Findings

Highlights the importance of engineering biology to societal well-being, national security, and the economy, and how the federal government can play an important role in maintaining U.S. leadership in engineering biology research and development.

Section 3. Definitions Defines terms used in the bill.

Section 4. National Engineering Biology Research and Development Initiative

Subsection (a) establishes a National Engineering Biology Research and Development Initiative to advance engineering biology research; support risk research to address ethical, safety, security and other societal implications of engineering biology; support the development of tools to accelerate engineering biology research; expand the number of engineering biology researchers; accelerate the translation and commercialization of engineering biology research; and improve interagency planning and coordination of federal engineering biology research initiatives.

Subsection (b) describes the specific activities of the Initiative, including support for research grants, research centers, "omics" databases, novels tools and technologies to accelerate research, education and training of students, metrics to understand and assess the bioeconomy, and technology transfer activities.

Subsection (c) requires outreach to minority-serving institutions and predominantly undergraduate institutions and encourages research collaborations among different types of institutions.

Subsection (d) describes how the Initiative should take into account the ethical, legal, environmental, safety, security, and other appropriate societal concerns.

Sec. 5. Initiative coordination

Requires OSTP to designate an Interagency Committee that would oversee the planning, management, and coordination of the Initiative, in addition to developing and regularly updating a strategic plan for the Initiative, developing a national genomic sequencing strategy; and submitting to Congress an annual coordinated interagency budget proposal for the Initiative.

Section 6. Advisory Committee

Designates an Advisory Committee of non-Federal members to provide advice on the Initiative (in practice the intent would be for PCAST to fill this role); charges the Committee with specific duties; and requires the Committee to report on their findings and recommendations at least every 3 years.

Section 7. External review of ethical, environmental, and societal concerns

Requires a National Academy of Sciences workshop to review the ethical, environmental, societal, and health concerns related to engineering biology research and development.

Section 8. Agency functions

Describes specific Initiative activities and responsibilities for the National Science Foundation, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the Environmental Protection Agency.

VIII. Committee Views

It is the intent of the Committee that the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy collaborate and coordinate with security and intelligence agencies as needed to address any emerging security concerns with respect to engineering biology. This may include appointing representatives of such agencies to the interagency committee required under Section 5. Similarly, the Committee believes that more data and analyses of the bioeconomy will be an important tool in informing both the Federal research agenda and private sector investments. As such, we encourage the Department of Commerce's Bureau of Economic Analysis to participate in the Initiative IWG and to develop and publish new metrics for the bioeconomy.

Further, while the Committee accepted OSTP's request not to establish a formal coordination office in the Act, it is the intent of the Committee that the OSTP Director appoint such staff as are necessary to carry out all of the responsibilities described in Section 5(c), including through the recruitment of additional agency detailees with relevant expertise.

Section 7 requires a National Academies review of ethical, legal, environmental and other societal implications of engineering biology research and development. While the Committee has great respect for the Academies and its established process for appointing study committees, we encourage the Academies staff to cast a sufficiently broad net in seeking experts from both academia and the private-sector to reflect the diversity that exists within engineering biology, including the diversity in potential products, economic sectors, technology areas, and research directions.

Continues with Part 3 of 3

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