Head of Corporate Financial Center – Form 6-K

Table of contents

Summary

Aegon Ltd. is referred to in this document as 'Aegon', or 'the Company', and is together with its member companies referred to as 'Aegon Group' or 'the Group'. For such purposes 'member companies' means, in relation to Aegon, those companies required to be consolidated in the Aegon Group solvency numbers.

As at December 31, 2023, Aegon is subjected to insurance group regulatory supervision by the Bermuda Monetary Authority (BMA). This document represents the Group Financial Condition Report (FCR) that is required to be published.

Following the transfer of Aegon's legal domicile to Bermuda on September 30, 2023, group supervision moved from the Dutch Central Bank (DNB) to the Bermuda Monetary Authority. Aegon's Group Solvency ratio and surplus under the Bermuda Solvency framework will be broadly in line with that under the Solvency II Regime during a transition period until the end of 2027. Aegon's UK insurance subsidiaries have been incorporated into Aegon's Group Solvency calculation in accordance with UK Solvency II standards, including Aegon UK's approved Partial Internal Model. After the transition period, Aegon will fully adopt the Bermudian solvency framework. During the transition period the Solvency II terminology will be used in the FCR instead of the BMA regulatory terminology.

The FCR for the year 2023 contains information about the Group's business and performance, system of governance, risk profile, valuation for solvency purposes and capital management for the reporting period January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023.

The figures in the FCR reflecting monetary amounts are presented in millions of euros and rounded to the nearest million unless stated otherwise. The rounded amounts may therefore not add up to the rounded total in all cases. All ratios and variances are calculated using the underlying amount rather than the rounded amount.

Business and performance

Aegon has life insurance and pensions operations and is also active in savings and asset management operations, accident and health insurance and general insurance. Aegon focuses on two core markets (the United States and the United Kingdom), three growth markets (Spain & Portugal, China, and Brazil) and one global asset manager. The transfer of the legal seat to Bermuda allows Aegon to maintain its headquarters in The Hague, the Netherlands.

Aegon operates in a fast-changing environment, in which we face new challenges but also opportunities. Aegon aims to play a key role in shaping a thriving and sustainable society by delivering on our purpose of Helping people live their best lives.

Aegon's strategy is not just about strengthening our operational and financial performance, but also strives to have a positive impact on society at large, including by managing our direct operations and our investment activities as sustainably and responsibly as possible. For more information on Aegon's strategy, please see pages 12 - 17 of Aegon's 2023 Integrated Annual Report.

Full details on Aegon's business and performance in 2023 are described in section A. Business and performance. Details of material subsequent events are set out in section F. Subsequent events.

Governance structure

The redomiciliation of Aegon has also resulted in Aegon adopting a new governance structure. This includes the introduction of a one-tier board, comprising the members of the Supervisory Board under the previous framework - in a non-executive role - and the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) as an executive member.

Subject to the provisions of the Bermuda Companies Act and the Company bye-laws, the Board manages and conducts the business of Aegon and is responsible for the general affairs of the Company, which includes setting the strategy of the Company. The Board may exercise all the powers of the Company except those powers that are required by the Bermuda Companies Act or the Company bye-laws to be exercised by the General Meeting.

Aegon's risk management framework is designed and applied to identify and manage potential events and risks that may affect Aegon. This is established in the Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) framework, which aims to identify and manage individual and aggregate risks within Aegon's risk tolerance to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of Aegon's objectives. The ERM framework applies to all businesses of Aegon for which it has operational control.

Full details on the Aegon's system of governance are described in section B. Governance structure.

Risk profile

As an insurance group, Aegon accepts and manages risks for the benefit of its customers and other stakeholders. Aegon's risk management and control systems are designed to ensure that these risks are managed effectively and efficiently in a way that is aligned with the Company's strategy. The targeted risk profile is determined by customer needs, Aegon's competence to manage the risk, Aegon's preference for this risk, and whether there is sufficient capacity to take the risk. Aegon targets a balance between financial market risks, credit risks and underwriting risks. The targeted risk profile is set at Aegon Group level and developed in more detail within the subsidiaries where business is written. Aegon's risk strategy provides direction for the targeted Aegon risk profile while supporting Aegon's business strategy. Aegon is exposed to a range of underwriting, market, credit, liquidity and operational risks.

The table clearly presents the change in Aegon's risk profile during 2023. This change is mainly driven by the transaction with a.s.r.

Full details on Aegon's risk profile are described in section C. Risk profile.

Solvency valuation

Aegon values its Group Solvency balance sheet items on a basis that reflects their economic value.

Section D. Solvency valuation of this report provides further description of the bases, methods and assumptions used in the valuation of assets, technical provisions and other liabilities used to determine the Group's Solvency position.

Capital management

During 2023 Aegon Group and all the regulated entities within the Group continued to comply with the minimum regulatory capital requirements.

Further details of Aegon's capital management objectives and policies, and regulatory capital on December 31, 2023, including Group sensitivities are described in section E. Capital management and section C. Risk profile.

A. Business and performance

A.1 Insurance group

A.1.1 Name and contact details

Aegon, an exempted company limited by shares domiciled in Bermuda, is the holding company of the Aegon group of companies.

Statutory seat

Canon's Court

22 Victoria street

Hamilton HM 12

Bermuda

The Netherlands headquarters

Aegon Ltd.

Aegonplein 50

2591 TV The Hague

The Netherlands

Telephone: +31 (0) 70 344 32 10

www.aegon.com

A.1.2 Business overview

Aegon is an international financial services Group which unites a diverse range of businesses that, together, help millions of people around the world live their best lives by offering a broad mix of investment, protection, and retirement solutions.

Aegon's common shares are listed on Euronext Amsterdam and the New York Stock Exchange. Aegon's main operating units are separate legal entities that operate under the laws of their respective countries. These legal entities are directly or indirectly held by several intermediate holding companies incorporated under Dutch law, including:

Aegon's financial results are impacted by a number of external factors, including demographic trends, market conditions and regulation. Furthermore, the business is affected by corporate actions taken by the Group, including acquisitions, disposals and other actions in order to achieve Aegon's strategy. The key significant business events or other events that have occurred over the reporting period that have had a material impact on Aegon are mentioned in section A.1.3.

A.1.3 Significant events in the reporting period

The following significant events took place during the reporting period. Details of significant subsequent events are set out in section F. Subsequent events.

Sale of UK individual protection business

In April 2023, Aegon UK announced the sale of its UK individual protection book to Royal London. Aegon UK initially reinsured the portfolio to Royal London, and will ultimately transfer legal ownership to Royal London through a Part VII transfer in 2024, subject to court approval. This supported the strategy to focus on its core Workplace and Retail platform activities in the United Kingdom, as part of Aegon's ambition to create leading businesses.

Completion of the divestment of Aegon's business in Romania and Poland

On June 1, 2023 Aegon announced the completion of the divestment of its businesses in Poland and Romania to Vienna Insurance Group AG Wiener Versicherung Gruppe (VIG) for EUR 125 million. This was the final step to complete the full sale of

Aegon's insurance, pension and asset management business in Central and EasteEurope to VIG, following the closings of the divestments of the Hungarian and Turkish businesses.

Transaction with ASR Nederland N.V.

On July 4, 2023, Aegon announced the completion of the combination of its Dutch pension, life and non-life insurance, banking, and mortgage origination activities with ASR Nederland N.V. (a.s.r.), and the beginning of its asset management partnership with a.s.r. As part of the transaction, Aegon received EUR 2.2 billion cash proceeds and a 29.99% stake in a.s.r.

Share buyback

Aegon announced on July 6, 2023, the beginning of a EUR 1.5 billion share buyback program. This followed the completion of the combination of its Dutch pension, life and non-life insurance, banking, and mortgage origination activities with a.s.r. that was announced on July 4, 2023. The share buyback program commenced on July 6, 2023 and is expected to be completed on or before June 30, 2024, barring unforeseen circumstances.

Sale of its 56% stake in its associate in India

On July 21, 2023 Aegon announced the sale of its 56% stake in its associate in India, Aegon Life Insurance Company, to Bandhan Financial Holdings Limited, an Indian financial services company. The divestment does not have a material impact on Aegon's capital position or results. The transaction was closed on February 23, 2024.

Capital funding

In December 2023, a EUR 500 million senior unsecured note with a coupon rate of 1% was redeemed.

A.2 Name and contact details of the group supervisor

The Bermuda Monetary Authority acts as group supervisor for Aegon.

BMA House

43 Victoria Street

Hamilton HM12

Bermuda

Telephone: +1 441 295 5278

www.bma.bm

A.3 Name and contact details of the approved group auditor

PricewaterhouseCoopers Accountants N.V. is Aegon's external auditor.

PricewaterhouseCoopers Accountants N.V.

Thomas R. Malthusstraat 5

1066 JR Amsterdam

The Netherlands

Telephone: +31 (0)88 792 00 20

www.pwc.com

A.4 A description of the ownership details including proportion of ownership interest of the insurance Group

A qualifying holding means a direct or indirect holding in Aegon Ltd., which represents 10% or more of the capital or of the voting rights or which makes it possible to exercise a significant influence over the management of Aegon Ltd. Only Vereniging Aegon qualifies based on this definition.

Vereniging Aegon is a Dutch association located in The Hague, the Netherlands, with a special purpose to protect the broader interests of Aegon Ltd. and its stakeholders. On December 31, 2023, Vereniging Aegon, Aegon's largest shareholder, held a total of 313,944,810 common shares and 381,813,800 common shares B.

Under the terms of the 1983 Merger Agreement as amended in May 2013, Vereniging Aegon has the option to acquire additional common shares B. Vereniging Aegon may exercise its call option to keep or restore its total stake to 32.6% of the voting rights, irrespective of the circumstances that caused the total shareholding to be or become lower than 32.6%. In the absence of a 'Special Cause' Vereniging Aegon may cast one vote for every common share it holds and one vote only for every 40 common shares B it holds. As 'Special Cause' qualifies the acquisition of a 15% interest in Aegon Ltd., a tender offer for Aegon Ltd. shares or a proposed business combination by any person or group of persons, whether individually or as a group, other than in a transaction approved by the Board of Directors. If Vereniging Aegon, acting at its sole discretion, determines that a Special Cause has arisen, it must notify the General Meeting of Shareholders. In this event, Vereniging Aegon retains full voting rights on its common shares B for a period limited to six months. Vereniging Aegon would, for that limited period, command 32.6% of the votes at a General Meeting of Shareholders. Accordingly, at December 31, 2023, the voting power of Vereniging Aegon under normal circumstances amounted to approximately 18.4%, based on the number of outstanding and voting shares (excluding issued common shares held in treasury by Aegon). In the event of a Special Cause, Vereniging Aegon's voting rights will increase, to 32.6%, for up to six months.

The principal subsidiaries of the parent company Aegon Ltd. are listed by geographical segment in section A.5. Except indicated otherwise, all are wholly owned, directly or indirectly, and are involved in insurance or reinsurance business, pensions, asset management or services related to these activities. The voting power in these subsidiaries held by Aegon is equal to the shareholdings, unless stated otherwise.

A.5 A group structure chart detailing the Group structure

Aegon's operating segments are based on the businesses as presented in internal reports that are regularly reviewed by the CEO who is regarded as the chief operating decision maker. All reportable segments are involved in insurance or reinsurance business, asset management or services related to these activities. As per year-end 2023 the reportable segments are:

Aegon Ltd. is the ultimate owner of all entities within the group of entities. All subsidiary entities are owned 100%, directly or indirectly, by Aegon Ltd., unless indicated otherwise.

On July 21, 2023 Aegon announced the sale of its 56% stake in its associate in India, Aegon Life Insurance Company, to Bandhan Financial Holdings Limited, an Indian financial services company. The divestment does not have a material impact on Aegon's capital position or results. The transaction was closed on February 23, 2024.

The structure of Aegon Ltd. is as follows¹:

A.6 Insurance business written by changes in liability for remaining coverage and segment by the insurance Group during the reporting period

The adoption of IFRS 17 and IFRS 9, which replaced IFRS 4 and IAS 39 respectively, have had a significant impact on the financial position of Aegon and the consolidated financial statements. Based on the amendment to IFRS 17, Aegon has decided to apply the overlay approach upon initial application of IFRS 9 and IFRS 17. This has allowed it to restate the 2022 comparative period for both new standards.

The following table shows total insurance revenue split by component and split by reporting segment.

For further details and explanation, please refer to note 2 Material accounting policy information, note 5 Segment information and note 6 Insurance revenue of Aegon's 2023 Integrated Annual Report.

A.7 Performance of investments by asset class and details on material income and expenses incurred by the insurance Group during the reporting period

The following tables show the consolidated income statement, investment income and net result.

For further details and explanation, please refer to note 2 Material accounting policies information, note 5 Segment information and note 6 Insurance revenue of Aegon's 2023 Integrated Annual Report.

A.8 Any other material information

Aegon does not have any other material information regarding its business and performance to report.

B. Governance structure

The governance structure of the Group is described in this chapter.

B.1 Parent board and senior executives

B.1.1 A description of the structure of the parent Board of Directors (Board) and senior executives, the roles, responsibilities and segregation of these responsibilities

Aegon is governed by two main corporate bodies: the Board of Directors and the General Meeting of Shareholders.

Aegon's Board of Directors consists of eight Non-Executive Directors and one Executive Director per December 31, 2023. Subject to the provisions of the Bermuda Companies Act and the Company bye-laws, the Board manages and conducts the business of Aegon and is responsible for the general affairs of the Company, which includes setting the strategy of the Company. The Board may exercise all the powers of the Company except those powers that are required by the Bermuda Companies Act or the Company bye-laws to be exercised by the General Meeting.

The members of the Board owe a fiduciary duty to Aegon to act in good faith in their dealings with or on behalf of Aegon and exercise their powers and fulfil the duties of their office honestly. In the exercise of its duties the Board shall take into account the long-term consequences of decisions, sustainability and the interests of all corporate stakeholders. For the purposes of a Director's duty to act in the way they consider, in good faith, is in the best interests of the Company, the Director shall not be required to regard the benefit of any particular stakeholder interest or group of stakeholder interests as more important than any other.

The Board may, subject to its control, delegate all powers, authorities, and discretions relating to the day-to-day-operations and general business and affairs of Aegon to Aegon's Chief Executive Officer (CEO). The Board oversees the execution of its responsibilities and delegated powers, authorities and discretions by the CEO and any other person or committee to which the Board has delegated any of its duties and responsibilities and is ultimately responsible for the fulfillment of the Board's duties by them.

Pursuant to Aegon's Board Regulations, the following matters are exclusively within the remit of the Board and cannot be delegated to the CEO:

The CEO is assisted by the Executive Committee, which provides support and expertise in safeguarding Aegon's strategic goals. Aegon's Executive Committee is composed of Lard Friese (CEO), Matt Rider, Elisabetta Caldera, Will Fuller, Mike Holliday-Williams, Astrid Jäkel, Marco Keim, Onno van Klinken, Bas NieuweWeme, Duncan Russell and Deborah Waters.

The Board has established an Audit Committee, Risk Committee, Compensation and Human Resource Committee and Nomination and Governance Committee from amongst its members.

Composition of the Board

The General Meeting appoints the members of the Board. The Board shall determine the number of Directors in its sole discretion, provided that the majority of the Board shall consist of Non-Executive Directors.

If the appointment of a member of the Board is proposed by the Board, the General Meeting resolution requires a simple majority of the votes cast, while otherwise, the resolution requires a two-thirds majority of the votes cast, which majority must represent at least half (1/2) of the then issued and outstanding shares.

Members of the Board will be appointed for a term of not more than four years and may be reappointed thereafter. After 12 years, a Non-Executive Director will no longer be considered independent. Aegon aims to ensure that the composition of the company's Board is in line with Aegon's Inclusion and Diversity Policy and is as such well-balanced in terms of professional background, geography, gender, and other relevant aspects of this policy. A profile, which is published on aegon.com as schedule to the Board Regulations, has been established that outlines the required qualifications of the members of the Board. If the removal or suspension of a member of the Board is proposed by the Board, the General Meeting resolution requires a simple majority of the votes cast, while otherwise, the resolution requires a two-thirds majority of the votes cast, which majority must represent at least half (1/2) of the then issued and outstanding shares. The Board determines the remuneration and other terms of service of the Executive Director and the Non-Executive Directors, with due observance of the remuneration policy for the Board. This remuneration policy is adopted by the General Meeting ultimately at the fourth annual general meeting held after the General Meeting in which the remuneration policy was most recently adopted.

Committees

The Board also oversees the activities of its committees. These committees are composed exclusively of Non-Executive Directors and deal with specific issues related to Aegon's financial accounts, risk management, sustainability, executive remuneration, and appointments. These committees are the:

Audit Committee

Aegon has both an Audit Committee and a Risk Committee. With regard to the oversight of the operation of the risk management framework and risk control systems, including supervising the enforcement of relevant legislation and regulations, the Audit Committee operates in close coordination with the Risk Committee. Certain Board members participate in both committees and a combined meeting of the Audit and Risk Committees is scheduled on an annual basis.

The main role and responsibilities of the Audit Committee are to assist and advise the Board in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities regarding:

The Audit Committee reports to the Board on its activities, identifying any matters about which it considers action or improvements are needed, and making recommendations on the steps to be taken. For more information about the functioning of the Audit Committee, please see the Audit Committee Charter on aegon.com.

Risk Committee

The Risk Committee focuses on the effectiveness of the design and operation and the appropriateness of the enterprise risk management framework and internal control systems of Aegon Ltd. This includes:

Furthermore, the Risk Committee is responsible for reviewing and advising the Board with respect to the risk exposures as they relate to capital, earnings, liquidity, operations, and compliance with risk policies. The Audit Committee primarily relies on the Risk Committee for the topics mentioned above.

The Risk Committee works closely with the Audit Committee. One combined meeting was held in December 2023.

The combined meeting focused on the 2024 Group risk plan, model validation, information security, including the risk view on high and medium risk applications, and the outcome of the double materiality assessment in light of sustainability reporting.

Compensation and Human Resource Committee

The Compensation and Human Resource Committee (formerly known as the Remuneration Committee) is designated to safeguard sound remuneration policies and practices within the company by overseeing the development and execution of these policies and practices in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. In order to ensure that the remuneration policies and practices take all types of risks properly into account, in addition to considering liquidity and capital levels, the Compensation and Human Resource Committee assesses in particular the remuneration governance processes, procedures and methodologies adopted. Furthermore, the Committee ensures that the overall remuneration policy is consistent with the longer-term strategy of the company and the longer-term interests of its shareholders, investors and other stakeholders as well as the public at large. This includes, among other things:

Nomination and Governance Committee

The Nomination and Governance Committee focuses on the size, composition, and profile of the Board and addresses the functioning, succession, and proposed nomination of Directors and ensures that the corporate governance structure is in line with the applicable rules and regulations and advises on the responsible business strategy. This includes:

B.1.2 A description of remuneration policy and practices and performance-based criteria governing the parent board, senior executives and employees

Aegon's Global Remuneration Framework (GRF) was designed in accordance with relevant rules and regulations. These included the remuneration rules from Dutch law and Solvency II, which no longer applied as of September 30, 2023, following Aegon's redomiciliation from the Netherlands to Bermuda. All remuneration policies within Aegon are derived from the GRF, such as the Executive Director Remuneration Policy and the local Remuneration Policies of our business units. Although these no longer apply to Aegon as of September 30, 2023, following Aegon's redomiciliation from the Netherlands to Bermuda, the GRF remained in place in 2023.

Aegon's remuneration policies are derived from the GRF, which includes the Remuneration Policy for the Executive Director(s) and local business Remuneration Policies. These policies define specific terms and conditions for the employment of Aegon's employee across various countries and local businesses. All steps in the remuneration process are governed by the GRF and its underlying policies. Staff from Human Resources, Risk Management and Compliance are involved in all steps of the process.

The below provides a summary of Aegon's remuneration policies for the Executive Director and Non-Executive Directors of the Board in 2023.

For further details, reference is made to the Remuneration Report on pages 66 - 82 of Aegon's 2023 Integrated Annual Report.

Aegon's Remuneration Policy for the Non-Executive Directors is aimed at ensuring fair compensation and protecting their independence of Non-Executive Directors. The Remuneration Policy for the Non-Executives that has been applied in 2023 was adopted at the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders on May 15, 2020. This policy has been subject to annual reviews by the Board. The policy remains in place until a new or revised policy has been adopted by the shareholders in accordance with the applicable requirements in our bye-laws. The Board will submit a proposal to the shareholders to adopt a policy for the Non-Executive Directors as well a policy for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders at least every four years. At the 2024 Annual General Meeting, the Board will ask Aegon's shareholders to adopt a Director's Remuneration Policy which covers the remuneration of Non-Executive and Executive Director(s).

Under the current policy the Non-Executive Board members are entitled to the following:

Each of these fees is a fixed amount. Where required, Aegon pays the employer social security contributions in the home country of the Non-Executive Board member. The employee social security contributions in the home country, if any, are paid by the Non-Executive Board member. The Non-Executive Board members are allowed to annually index the fees for economic developments in the Netherlands.

Executive Directors remuneration in 2023

The total compensation allocated to Mr. Friese related to the 2023 performance year was EUR 3.9 million (2022: EUR 3.6 million) and to Mr. Rider EUR 2.5 million (2022: EUR 2.3 million).

For more information on the remuneration that has been allocated to the Executive Directors and former Executive Board members, please see page 76 of Aegon's 2023 Integrated Annual Report.

Remuneration Executice Committee members

Members of the Executive Committee (excluding the CEO) were rewarded in 2023 based on local remuneration policies and in line with local market practice for roles with a similar scope and complexity. These policies were derived from the GRF. Their remuneration included fixed compensation, variable compensation, pension, and benefits. The variable compensation was determined by a mix of individual and company performance indicators that are linked to Aegon's objectives, business strategy, risk tolerance and long-term performance. Their targets, levels and performance assessment were agreed and determined by their local Remuneration Committee.

The Board and/or their local Remuneration Committee may decide on a potential downward adjustment of the variable compensation (based on either an ex-ante or ex-post risk assessment) or claw back. The allocated variable compensation was paid for 33.33% in upfront cash and for 66.67% in deferred Aegon shares which will vest three years after allocation.

Depending on local practices the pension arrangements may include provisions allow for early retirement.

B.1.3 A description of the supplementary pension or early retirement schemes for members of the insurance Group, the board and senior executives

The Executive Director is entitled to pension contributions that equal 40% of their fixed compensation level, which consists of the following three parts:

The Executive Director receives pension contributions that are somewhat higher compared to employees based in the Netherlands and of similar age (approximately 10-15% difference). This is done to achieve a competitive total compensation level.

B.1.4 Any material transactions with shareholder controllers, persons who exercise significant influence, the parent board or senior executives

There were no material transactions with members of the Board of Directors or Executive Committee.

B.2 Fitness and proper requirements

B.2.1 A description of the fit and proper process in assessing the parent board and senior executives

In accordance with the Bermudian Insurance Act 1978 (Insurance Act), Aegon has identified all persons who are a controller or officer as they are subject to fit and proper requirements, outlined in the Schedule, Minimum Criteria For Registration Section 1. These persons are subject to screening by the Bermuda Monetary Authority prior to their appointment in a controller or officer function as stated and defined by rule 30J of the Insurance Act. In connection with rule 5.6.A of the Insurance (Group Supervision) Rules 2011, assessment of the fit and proper condition of the controllers and officers is required on continuous basis.

Ongoing compliance with propriety requirements of the persons that effectively run the undertaking or have other key functions is a joint responsibility of the respective person as well as Aegon.

Fitness of the persons that effectively run the undertaking or have other key functions is determined at the point of selection as well as thereafter. As regards the point of selection, Aegon has drawn up a specific job profile for each function. These profiles detail the requirements in terms of the level of skills, knowledge and experience required to successfully fulfil the specific position within the company. The selection of the jobholder takes place by assessing the candidate for a position against these specific job requirements. The score on the three elements (expertise, knowledge and experience) is balanced and leads to potential recruitment in the position. Once selected, fitness of a specific person for a function is continuously assessed against this job profile. The ongoing compliance with fitness requirements is monitored as part of the regular human resource cycle within Aegon. Regular formal assessments of performance against the requirements are part of this cycle and are documented for record keeping purposes. In the human resources cycle, performance management is an important element in which targets

are set and the results are monitored to assess if the jobholder continues to meet both the specific job requirements and the fitness requirements.

B.2.2 A description of the professional qualifications, skills, and expertise of the parent board and senior executives to carry out their functions

Executive Committee

The members of Aegon's Executive Committee work alongside the CEO and help oversee operational issues and the implementation of Aegon's strategy. Members are drawn from Aegon's functional, business, and country units, and have both regional and global responsibilities. This ensures that Aegon is managed as an integrated international business. The Executive Committee provides vital support and expertise in pursuit of the company's strategic objectives.

Board of Directors

In accordance with Bermuda law, the Board manages and conducts the business of the Company and is responsible for the general affairs of the Company. This includes setting and evaluating the Company's strategy, management's policies and the effectiveness of which management implements its policies and it includes overseeing compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. In the exercise of its duties the Board shall take into account (among other matters) the long-term consequences of decisions, sustainability, Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) priorities of the Company, the Company's reputation, and the interest of all corporate stakeholders, including, amongst others, the Shareholders, the Company's employees, business relations, policyholders, relations with regulators, and other groups, directly or indirectly, influenced by the business of the Company, all in the broadest sense. The members of the Board of Directors can be found on Aegon's website under the section 'About, Governance, Board'.

The Board, as a whole, should have:

Control functions

Furthermore, with regard to rule 4.5 of the Insurance (Group Supervision) Rules 2011, Aegon has implemented the following control functions: Risk Management, Compliance, Internal Audit, and the Actuarial Function. These functions have been in place within Aegon for many years.

Risk Management

The Aegon Group Chief Risk Officer (CRO) is the function holder for risk management. The Aegon Group CRO is also member of the Executive Committee and of high-level Risk Committees. For more information about the risk management system and its functions, please refer to section B.3 Risk management Solvency self-assessment.

Compliance

The Global Head of Compliance is the function holder for compliance. For more details about the Compliance function reference is made to section B.4.1 Internal control system.

Internal Audit

The Global Head of Internal Audit is the function holder for Internal Audit. In line with the requirements, Internal Audit is objective and independent from the operational functions, reporting directly to the CEO and Board of Directors Audit Committee.

For more details about the Internal Audit function refer to section B.5 Internal Audit Function.

Actuarial Function

The Actuarial Function Holder is the Global Chief Actuary/Head of Underwriting Risk Management and is part of the second line at Aegon Group level. For more details about the Actuarial Function please refer to section B.6 Actuarial Function.

The key functions stated above have the necessary resources to carry out their tasks. Resourcing of staff and other means required to execute control is documented as part of the Board Regulations and Charters agreed with the Board of Directors of Aegon Ltd. Changes to the resources require approval from the control function. The necessary operational independence of the control functions is also documented as part of the Board Regulations and Charters agreed with the Board of Directors. Issues can be brought forward to the Board of Directors for resolution.

B.3 Risk management and Solvency self-assessment

B.3.1 A description of the insurance Group's risk management process and procedures to effectively identify, measure, manage and report on risk exposures

The Risk Management Function is defined in accordance with rule 8 of the Bermuda Insurance (Group Supervision) Rules 2011.

Risk management system

As an insurance group, Aegon manages risk for the benefit of its customers and other stakeholders. The Company is exposed to a range of financial, underwriting and operational risks. Aegon's risk management and internal control systems are designed to ensure that these risks are managed effectively and efficiently in a way that is aligned with the Company's strategy.

For Aegon, risk management involves:

This section provides a description of Aegon's risk management framework.

Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) framework

Aegon's ERM framework is designed and applied to identify risks that may affect Aegon and manage individual and aggregate risks within Aegon's set risk tolerances. The ERM framework covers the ERM components as identified by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The ERM framework applies to all of Aegon's businesses for which it has operational control.

Risk strategy, risk appetite statement and risk tolerances

The formulation of the risk strategy starts with the principle that taking a risk should be based on serving a customer's need. The competence to manage the risk is assessed and Aegon's risk preferences are formulated, considering Aegon's risk capacity. The process results in a targeted risk profile, reflecting the risks Aegon wants to assume, and the risks Aegon would like to avoid or mitigate.

Aegon's risk appetite statement and risk tolerances are established to assist management in carrying out Aegon's strategy within the boundaries of the resources available to Aegon. Aegon's risk appetite statement is to:

"Fulfill our promises towards our customers and other stakeholders by delivering sustainable and growing long-term free cash flow through strong resilience in solvency and liquidity, with a healthy balance in exposures, and by running a responsible business with effective controls."

Following from the risk appetite statement, risk tolerances are defined on:

The tolerances are further developed into measures, thresholds and indicators that have to be complied with to remain within the tolerances.

Risk universe

Aegon's risk universe is structured to reflect the type of risks to which the company is exposed. The identified risk categories are financial risk (for example, equity, interest rate risk and credit risk), underwriting risk (for example, mortality and morbidity risk and policyholder behavior), and operational risk (for example, fraud, business disruption, processing, and privacy risks). Specific risk types are identified within these risk categories. These risks, internal or external, may affect the company's operations, earnings, share price, value of its investments, or the sale of certain products and services. In the context of Aegon's risk strategy, a risk appetite is set for the three identified risk categories (see table below).

Risk identification and risk assessment

Aegon has identified a risk universe that captures all known material risks to which the company is exposed. To assess all risks, Aegon maintains a documented, consistent methodology for measuring risks. The risk metrics are embedded in Aegon's key reports and are used for decision making.

Risk response

Aegon distinguishes the following risk responses, which are particularly relevant where risks are out of tolerance:

Risk monitoring and reporting

Risks are monitored regularly and reported internally on at least a quarterly basis. The impact of key financial, underwriting, and operational risk drivers on earnings and capital is shown in the quarterly risk dashboards for the various risk types, both separately and on an aggregate basis.

Risk exposures are compared with the measures and indicators as defined by Aegon's risk tolerance statements. Reporting also includes compliance and incident reporting. Finally, the main risks derived from Aegon's strategy and day-to-day business are discussed, as well as forward-looking points for attention. If necessary, mitigating actions are taken and documented.

Risk control

A system of effective controls is required to mitigate the risks identified. In Aegon's ERM framework, risk control includes risk governance, risk policies, internal control framework, model validation, risk framework embedding, risk culture, and compliance.

Change risk management

The ERM framework is applicable to all change initiatives and special projects across Aegon. In 2023, Aegon combined the Dutch operations with a.s.r. and subsequently redomiciled its legal seat to Bermuda. The risk function provided oversight over both projects and prepared independent risk opinions to the Board.

B.3.2 A description of how the risk management and Solvency self-assessment system are implemented and integrated into the insurance Group's operations; including strategic planning and organizational and decision-making process

Risk governance framework

Aegon's risk management framework is represented across all levels of the organization. This ensures a coherent and integrated approach to risk management throughout the Company. Similarly, Aegon has a comprehensive range of group-wide risk policies that detail specific operating guidelines and limits. These policies include legal, regulatory, and internally set requirements, and are designed to keep overall risk-specific exposures to a manageable level. Any breach of policy limits or warning levels triggers remedial action or heightened monitoring. Further risk policies may be developed at a local level to cover situations specific to particular business units.

Aegon's risk management governance structure has four layers:

It is the responsibility of the CEO and the Group's Chief Risk Officer (CRO) to inform the Board of any risk that directly threatens the solvency, liquidity, or operations of the company. The CEO has overall responsibility for risk management. The CEO adopts the risk strategy, risk governance, risk tolerance, and material changes in risk methodology and risk policies. The Group's CRO has a standing invitation to attend the CEO meeting and has a direct reporting line to the Board to discuss ERM and related matters.

The Executive Committee oversees a broad range of strategic and operational issues. While the CEO is Aegon's statutory Executive Director, the Executive Committee provides vital support and expertise in safeguarding Aegon's strategic goals.

The Executive Committee discusses and sponsors ERM, in particular the risk strategy, risk governance, risk tolerance, and the introduction of new risk policies.

The CEO and Executive Committee are supported by the Group Risk & Capital Committee (GRCC). The GRCC is Aegon's most senior risk committee. It is responsible for managing Aegon's balance sheet at the global level, and is in charge of risk oversight, risk monitoring, and risk management-related decisions on behalf of the CEO and in line with its charter. The GRCC ensures risk-taking is within Aegon's risk tolerances, that the capital position is adequate to support financial strength and regulatory requirements, and that capital is properly allocated. The

GRCC informs the CEO about any identified (near) breaches of overall tolerance levels which threaten the risk balance, as well as any potential threats to the company's solvency, liquidity, or operations.

The GRCC has three sub-committees: the ERM framework, Accounting and Actuarial Committee (ERMAAC), the Non-Financial Risk Committee (NFRC) and the Model Validation Committee (MVC).

The purpose of the ERMAAC is to assist the GRCC, CEO, and Executive Committee with financial risk framework setting and maintenance across all group level balance sheet bases, including policies, standards, guidelines, methodologies, and assumptions.

The purpose of the NFRC is to assist the GRCC, CEO, and Executive Committee with non-financial risk framework setting and maintenance, including policies, standards, guidelines, and methodologies, and to act as formal discussion and exchange of information platform on matters of conceregarding non-financial risk management.

The MVC is responsible for approving all model validation reports across Aegon. This is an independent committee that reports to the GRCC and the CEO to provide information on model integrity and recommendations on how to further strengthen these models.

Aegon's business units have a Risk, or Risk and Capital committee, and an Audit committee. The responsibilities and prerogatives of the committees are aligned with those of the company-level committees and further elaborated in their respective charters, which are tailored to local circumstances.

In addition to the four layers described above, Aegon has an established group-wide Risk function. It is the mission of the Risk function to ensure the continuity of the company by safeguarding the value of existing business, protecting Aegon's balance sheet and reputation, and supporting the creation of sustainable value for all stakeholders.

In general, the objective of the Risk function is to support the CEO, Executive Committee, Board of Directors, and business unit boards in ensuring that the company reviews, assesses, understands, and manages its risk profile. Through oversight, the Risk function ensures the company-wide risk profile is managed in line with Aegon's risk tolerances, and stakeholder expectations are managed under both normal business conditions and adverse conditions caused by unforeseen negative events.

The following roles are important in order to realize the objective of the Risk function:

B.3.3 A description of the relationship between the Solvency self-assessment, Solvency needs, and capital and risk management systems of the insurance Group

Aegon's Group Solvency Self-Assessment (GSSA) process has a primary purpose of providing a holistic, inter-connected view of our business strategy, the risks to which the business is exposed and our capital levels. It assesses the financial security of the business given the risks we run.

The Aegon GSSA process includes the following elements:

In addition to running our business with an GSSA mind-set, a GSSA report is produced annually and required for regulatory purposes. The GSSA report includes at least an assessment of the current and forward-looking risk profile and capital position in quantitative as well as qualitative terms, as well as a summary of how risk management is embedded within the business strategy and medium-term plan, providing a forward looking perspective to achieve our targets and remain solvent given our risk profile.

B.3.4 A description of the Solvency self-assessment approval process including the level of oversight and independent verification by the parent board and senior executives

The GSSA process is iterative and subject to ongoing monitoring. The CEO meeting is responsible for the direction, integration of the business strategy and key decision making in respect of the Budget/MTP. The CEO meeting oversees the delivery of the Budget/MTP and GSSA and acts as an escalation point for decisions, risks or issues up to the Board of Directors. It approves all key deliverables throughout the process. The GSSA process is also used for decision making and responding to changes impacting the business. "Use" of the GSSA process relates to actions recommended to the CEO arising from the GSSA process. The annually updated Aegon Recovery Plan is subject to endorsement by the Group Risk & Capital Committee and approval by the CEO. The monthly Group Capital Update and related dividend proposals are shared with and discussed in the Group Risk & Capital Committee.

All of the above is evidenced and documented in Aegon's annual GSSA report. Quarterly reports are produced internally that document the performance against Budget throughout the year.

The GSSA report is targeted primarily at the Group Risk & Capital Committee, CEO meeting and Board of Directors as key approval bodies. However, the concepts of GSSA are business wide and all senior management engage with the GSSA process in developing business plans that are aligned with Aegon's overall risk and capital strategy. The CEO approves and signs off the annual (and any non-regular) GSSA reports.

B.4 Internal controls

B.4.1 A description of the internal control system

Aegon has developed an internal control system that serves to facilitate its compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and administrative processes, and the effectiveness and efficiency of operations with regard to its objectives, in addition to the availability and reliability of financial and non-financial information. The overall internal control system ensures appropriate control activities for key processes and the documentation and reporting of administrative and accounting information. A key element of the internal control system is to facilitate action planning and embed continuous improvement regarding the internal control environment throughout the organization. The internal control system is embedded through policies and frameworks such as ERM Framework, Model Validation Framework, Operational Risk Management (ORM) Framework, and Information Technology Framework. Aegon's internal control system is considered more encompassing in scope than the Integrated Framework issued by COSO on which criteria for the internal control system are based.

The internal control system was developed in accordance with regulations that Aegon must comply with (i.e. Sarbanes-Oxley Act or financial regulations). Aegon's control activities should assure an adequate level of internal control over Aegon's objectives and in particular compliance, operational and financial reporting objectives including the production of IFRS numbers. The objective is to provide assurance regarding the reliability, accuracy, completeness, timeliness and quality of internal and external (regulatory) reporting, the safeguarding of assets, and compliance with internal and external requirements.

As part of the internal control system, a financial reporting internal control framework has been established supported by Aegon's Group Sarbanes-Oxley methodology. For more information about Aegon's internal control framework, reference is made to the next paragraphs. Furthermore, Aegon's internal control framework includes a Compliance Function, which is described in section B.4.2.

The Internal Audit Function and Actuarial Function are described in section B.5 and section B.6 respectively.

General principles of Aegon's internal control system

The general principles of Aegon's internal control system apply to all undertakings, functional areas or departments. These principles are as follows:

ORM framework

A key element of Aegon's internal control system is to facilitate action planning and embed continuous improvement regarding the internal control environment throughout the organization. The Operational Risk Management (ORM) framework is considered an integral part of the internal control system to facilitate its compliance with applicable laws, regulation and administrative processes and the effectiveness and efficiency of operations in view of its objectives. The ORM framework is part of the more comprehensive ERM Framework. The ORM function applies building blocks of the ERM framework.

A Risk (Self) Assessment (RSA) is achieved through periodic risk control self-assessments. These are performed to understand business objectives, identify operational risks for realizing these objectives, assess the adequacy of the risk mitigating factors or controls in place given the identified risks, and assess the impact and likelihood of losses (including financial reporting errors). These assessments contribute to the understanding of all known risks for which key control activities can be determined to (partly) mitigate those risks. This risk identification is surrounded by a well-defined risk governance process contributing to the completeness of the risk assessment and the identification of handover points.

Scenario analysis is a risk assessment for instance used for appropriateness testing and is the process of developing scenarios along structured dimensions, using opinions from subject matter experts and business leaders, deriving reasoned risk assessments of the severity and frequency, thus enabling business improvements, better risk management and measurement of required operational risk capital (ORC). This includes particular focus on continuously emerging and evolving risks such as information & cyber security risk and climate risk. Risk Monitoring is accomplished through the effective design and implementation of Key Risk Indicators (KRIs) or other monitoring mechanisms that inform about current risk and control profiles. Relative to financial reporting, management actively monitors processes and key controls to ensure that they are designed and operating effectively. Management's active monitoring of key controls, KRIs, or other measurements along with identifying and implementing related action plans reflects the proactive nature of risk management efforts. Appropriate metrics or measurements should be identified to the extent that they are indicators of potential risk or control deficiencies.

Risk Validation is obtained through the identification, collection and analysis of operational loss events, or through validating the effectiveness of controls that mitigate risks. The operational loss events are collected and analyzed in a centralized loss database. To stimulate learning within and as an organization, root causes of operational loss events or control deficiencies are analyzed and shared. By sharing the root causes, Aegon facilitates more effective risk management and continuous process improvement.

Risk Response & Action Plans follow the risk identification, monitoring and validation process. Risk Response is the decision making process to accept, control, transfer or avoid risks. Action plans are developed and activities performed to achieve the desired risk mitigation. Action plans arise from losses incurred, risk assessments performed, monitoring activities (including key risk indicators identified) and control testing results.

Risk Reporting covers all aspects of operational risk management, validating and demonstrating the importance of risk management to Aegon's operations. Reporting of (key) risks, loss events, control weaknesses and trends in KRIs provides a mechanism for taking appropriate and adequate actions on a timely basis, enhancing the decision-making process and providing feedback that gauges the success for the ORM program as a whole.

B.4.2 A description of how the Compliance Function of the insurance Group is executed

Compliance Function

For Aegon, compliance is based on integrity risk which is defined as the current or future threat to the reputation of, or the current or future threat to the capital or the results of Aegon due to insufficient compliance with the law and regulations, internal company rules and policies governing.

The business is supported by the Aegon Group Compliance Function and business unit-level compliance teams by:

Aegon Group Compliance Function

The Compliance Function is defined in accordance with rule 9 of the Bermuda Insurance (Group Supervision) Rules 2011.

At Aegon group level, the function holder for Compliance with any regulatory requirements is the Global Head of Compliance. The independence of the function holder is maintained by, amongst other governance practices, having the Global Head prepare and present his/her own report to the Board Audit Committee. At the business unit level, there are also compliance personnel who support local management in the development of the local programs. They also report to the Global Head of Compliance about the effectiveness of the local programs.

Objective of the Compliance Function

The objective of the Compliance Function is to support the CEO, Executive Committee and business units' Management Boards in ensuring that Aegon acts in line with relevant legal, regulatory requirements and Aegon Group risk tolerance. In this role, the function will promote and foster compliance with laws and regulations. Conducted effectively, strong compliance enables the organization to act with integrity, and provide optimal service delivery to Aegon's clients. To ensure the achievement of this objective, the Compliance Function prepares an annual plan that is approved by the Audit Committee and reports on progress against the plan on a quarterly basis. Business units must also prepare local annual plans as well as a compliance monitoring plan to ensure that business is operating in accordance with the agreed-upon requirements. The Compliance Function is supported by a compliance methodology as well as certain tooling, such as sanction screening tooling, to ensure that there is alignment across the business units.

Activities

The Compliance Function is responsible for the identification and assessment of regulatory developments and associated risks, the management and implementation of programs to respond to regulatory developments (risk mitigation) and first line monitoring, and reporting of compliance with existing regulations and internal policies to ensure that Aegon operates within its integrity risk tolerance.

The following thematic regulatory areas fall within the scope of the Compliance Function:

Role of management

Compliance is a control function within Aegon. The CEO, supported by the Executive Committee, is responsible for the effectiveness of the Aegon organization as a whole at all times; they are responsible for the establishment of an effective Compliance function that meets the requirements set out in the Compliance Charter.

Responsibilities & roles of the Compliance Function

Compliance acts as a gatekeeper within the organization to identify regulatory requirements, and, working with business unit management, to ensure compliance. The function maintains a charter, a framework and a suite of global policies designed to manage the risk of non-compliance.

In realizing the objective of the function, the following aspects are important:

B.5 Internal Audit - a description of how the Internal Audit Function of the insurance Group is implemented and how it maintains its independence and objectivity when conducting its functions

Internal Audit Function

The Internal Audit Function is defined in accordance with rule 7 of the Bermuda Insurance (Group Supervision) Rules 2011. Aegon's Internal Audit Function (Internal Audit) assists the Group Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Executive Committee, Board of Directors, and senior management in protecting Aegon's assets, reputation, and sustainability by independently and objectively evaluating the effectiveness of internal controls, risk management, and governance processes. The Internal Audit Function is a third line function.

The Aegon Global Chief Audit Executive reports functionally and administratively to Aegon's Group CEO and the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors. Internal Audit's main tasks and responsibilities are to:

Independence and objectivity of the Internal Audit Function

Internal Audit executes its duties freely and objectively in accordance with the Institute of Internal Auditors' International Standards for the Professional Practices of Internal Audit, in addition to Aegon policies and procedures. Internal Audit's policies also align with local professional auditing standards.

Internal Audit avoids any conflict of interest and accesses the knowledge necessary to perform audit activities in specific areas of expertise. If required, temporary resourcing constraints can be alleviated by outsourcing of Internal Audit activities. The business units' Internal Audit leaders verify as to whether any resource not employed by Internal Audit departments (for example contractors or other externally hired resources) possesses the necessary knowledge, skills, and other competencies to execute the duties of Internal Audit. These resources are appropriately assigned to audit teams or otherwise assist the internal auditors and comply with the principles of the Aegon Internal Audit Charter.

Resources employed within the Internal Audit function do not execute any operational duties for Aegon and will not review a business area or function in which they have had recent management or operational responsibility or are otherwise conflicted.

To ensure the independence of the auditors and effective governance, the business units' Internal Audit leaders have a reporting line to the Aegon Global Chief Audit Executive, as well as to their respective business units' Risk and Audit Committee and business units' Chief Executive Officer.

B.6 Actuarial Function - a description of how the insurance Group's Actuarial Function is implemented

The Group CEO has defined the Actuarial Function in accordance with rule 10 of the Bermuda Insurance (Group Supervision) Rules 2011. In addition, to support the Actuarial Function, the Group CEO has defined the Underwriting Risk Management (URM) function (as a sub-function within risk). There are also a number of actuarial activities which are included in the scope of the Finance Function and these are often led by the Chief Actuary in the business unit.

The roles and responsibilities of the Actuarial Function as defined in line with the Bermuda framework are allocated at Aegon Group and in each Insurance entity to either the Chief Actuary (in a first line position) or the Head of URM (in a second line position). In Aegon Ltd. the Head of the Actuarial Function role is a second line position and is therefore allocated to the Head of URM, reporting to the CRO. In the other operating units, the Head of the Actuarial Function role is allocated to the Chief Actuary in the first line.

Objectives of the function

The objectives of the Actuarial Function consist of the delivery of the requirements of rule 10 of the Bermuda Insurance (Group Supervision) Rules 2011. This includes assessing the appropriateness and reasonableness of the estimation of policyholder obligations, including risk margins by ensuring a proper control framework, appropriate guidelines, accurate reporting and appropriate data, modelling, methodology and assumptions, the assessment of the overall underwriting policy and reinsurance use and the contribution to the effective implementation of the risk management system.

The Actuarial Function is facilitated and supported by the Finance and URM functions. The Finance Function provides senior management with actuarial analysis on: quarterly changes in technical provisions, product pricing, actual non-economic assumption experience and assumption setting including expert judgments, and in general the impact of strategic or management decisions on liabilities and actuarial risks. The URM function reviews and challenges matters related to non-financial assumptions, model and methodologies, pricing and reinsurance through the setting and thereafter the attestation of the policies, setting and monitoring of guidelines and the assumption review process.

It is the responsibility of the Actuarial Function to ensure the appropriateness of the methodologies and underlying models used as well as the assumptions included in the calculation of the technical provisions. This aims to ensure compliance with regulatory actuarial (reporting) requirements, including effective local actuarial sign-off on the adequacy and reliability of technical provisions. The Actuarial Function ensures the compliance of the internal actuarial framework with Bermuda legislation as well as compliance with policies and guidelines with respect to actuarial risks and supporting management in the execution of an effective underwriting policy, also covering the pricing and product development, by providing expert opinions. Furthermore, the objective of the Actuarial Function is to support management in the assessment of the appropriate use of reinsurance.

Reporting

The Actuarial Function Holder reports periodically on their opinion about the adequacy and reliability of the technical provisions (Actuarial Function Report), actuarial assumption assumed/expected results and analysis, analysis of annual actuarial financials (movement analysis), pricing developments, reinsurance use, underwriting practices, actuarial content in regulatory reports (e.g. FCR and GSSA), and required capital methodology for actuarial risks. The URM function reports periodically about peer reviews of Actuarial Function reports (except for Aegon Group) and actuarial assumptions, actuarial/underwriting risks

versus risk indicators, compliance with pricing & product development policies, reinsurance counterparty risk exposure and policy compliance, actuarial risk framework developments, and relevant risk controls.

B.7 Outsourcing

B.7.1 A description of the outsourcing policy and information on any key or important functions that have been outsourced

Aegon's Third Party Risk Management Policy sets out minimum requirements for managing risks associated with Third Parties which includes outsourcing parties. The Policy applies for all strategic business units including associated Legal Entities over which Aegon has operational control, and provides a framework to identify, measure, monitor, and report third party supplier risk.

Business units provide attestation on periodic basis that they operate in compliance with the Policy key requirements, including segmentation and system of record for in scope third parties, due diligence and required contractual clauses, performance monitoring and risk oversight.

B.7.2 A description of material intra-group outsourcing

Aegon has critical or important intra-group outsourcing agreements. At business unit level, Aegon makes use of several ancillary service companies. These companies perform a range of services for Aegon entities. These ancillary service companies are fully owned by Aegon and in most cases (hierarchically) managed by the local business units. One type of intra-group outsourcing arrangement relates to Aegon's insurance entities having outsourced their asset management to Aegon Asset Management. Aegon Asset Management manages investments for Aegon's insurance companies based on investment mandates.

The 'Third Party Risk Management Policy' also covers the Intra-group outsourcing. For intra-group outsourcing the examination of the vendor may be less detailed, provided that the business unit has greater familiarity with the vendor, and if the business unit has sufficient control over, or can influence the actions of, the vendor. However, for intra-group outsourcing agreements, Aegon requires a written agreement, including a service level agreement (SLA), stipulating duties and responsibilities of both parties.

The critical or important intra-group outsourcing arrangements at Aegon Group level are:

B.8 Any other material information

Assessment of adequacy

Escalation thresholds for decision making are linked to the scale and impact of the risks to the organization. Risk tolerances, policies, methodologies and models are regularly reviewed to ensure they remain appropriate and up-to-date. Aegon's Partial Internal Model is fully integrated into Aegon's risk management system and governance structure, and the model validation function regularly assesses the Partial Internal Model and underlying components. The model integrity is assessed, including performance of the model and ongoing appropriateness of its specifications.

The conclusion of the latest assessment by Group Model Validation was that the Partial Internal Model, including underlying internal models, standard formula shocks, and aggregation methodology, is considered fit for purpose for use within the Solvency Capital Requirement (SCR) calculations. Aegon's risk management is continuously being improved to ensure capabilities remain at a high level in changing conditions.

In 2023, risk management and internal control topics were discussed by the relevant management committees and bodies, including the Executive Committee and the Board of Directors Audit Committee. An analysis of internal and external audit reports and risk reviews revealed no material weaknesses. As a result, no significant changes or major improvements were made or planned to the risk management and internal control systems.

C. Risk profile

Material risks the insurance Group is exposed to, including how they are measured and mitigated, and any material risk concentrations are described in this chapter.

Composition of Group SCR

The table clearly presents the change in Aegon's risk profile during 2023. This change is mainly driven by the transaction with a.s.r.

C.1 Material risks that the insurance group is exposed to, including how these risks are measured and any material changes that have occurred during the reporting period

C.1.1 Market risk

Market risk description

As an insurance group, Aegon is exposed to a variety of risks. Aegon's largest exposures are to changes in financial markets (e.g. bond market, equity market, interest rate, currency exchange rate risks and credit risks). When market prices fall, the value of Aegon's investments is reduced. For certain products, Aegon's insurance liabilities may also increase, as investments held for the benefit of policyholders reduce in value. In addition, the value of future fee income potential reduces. The cost of insurance liabilities is also determined with reference to interest rates and the liabilities associated with long term benefits (such as annuities) increase and decrease as interest rates fall and rise.

Credit risk

Internally Aegon considers credit risk to be included within market risk. Credit risk has three components, namely:

For general account products, Aegon typically bears the risk for investment performance and is exposed to credit risk in the fixed-income portfolio, over-the counter derivatives and reinsurance contracts.

Aegon is also indirectly exposed to credit risk on separate account investments held for the benefit of policyholders. Credit losses reduce account values, leading to lower fee income to Aegon. For certain products, Aegon has also provided guarantees to protect customers against the risk of losses in the separate account. For these benefits Aegon is exposed to separate account credit losses.

Aegon's General Account portfolios are mainly invested in Fixed Interest rate assets. The portfolios are well diversified with a mix of Government and Corporate debt, there is also a significant investment in commercial mortgage loans in the US.

Equity market risk and other investments risk

A decline in equity markets may adversely affect Aegon's profitability and shareholders' equity, sales of savings and investment products, and the amount of assets under management. There is a risk for both Aegon and its customers that the market value of its equity investments declines. Exposure to equity markets exists in both assets and liabilities. Asset exposure exists through direct equity investments in which Aegon bears all or most of the investment performance risk. The existence of direct equity risk is limited, as a result of tight limits set in Aegon's Risk policies.

Equity market exposure is also present in policyholder' accounts for insurance and investment contracts (such as variable annuities, unit-linked products and mutual funds) in which funds are invested in equities. Although most of the risk remains with the policyholder, guarantees within certain products may transfer some or all of this risk to Aegon. Lower investment returns also reduce the asset management fee that Aegon earns on the asset balance in these products, and prolonged investment under-performance may cause existing customers to withdraw funds and potential customers not to grant investment mandates.

Some of Aegon's insurance and investment contract businesses have minimum retuor accumulation guarantees that require Aegon to establish reserves to fund these future guaranteed benefits when equity market returns do not meet these guaranteed levels. Volatile or poor market conditions may also significantly reduce the demand for some of Aegon's savings and investment products, which may lead to lower sales and net income. Deteriorating general economic conditions may result in significant decreases in the value of Aegon's equity investments.

Interest rate risk

Interest rate volatility or sustained low interest rate levels may adversely affect Aegon's profitability and shareholders' equity.

Aegon is exposed to interest rate risk, as both its assets and liabilities are sensitive to movements in long- and short-term interest rates. The majority of Aegon's products are long term in nature and as a consequence low interest rates or high interest rate volatility may adversely affect Aegon's profitability and shareholders' equity. It is also the case that a very rapid rise in interest rates could have negative consequences for Aegon. For example, in such a scenario policy loans, surrenders and withdrawals may increase. This may result in cash payments by Aegon requiring the sale of invested assets at a time when the prices of those assets have fallen due to the increase in market interest rates. A rapid rise in interest rates will also create a liquidity strain due to collateral calls for interest rate derivatives.

Currency risk

As an international group, Aegon is subject to foreign currency translation risk. Fluctuations in currency exchange rates may affect Aegon's profitability and shareholders' equity. From a Group Solvency capital adequacy perspective Aegon does not consider currency translation risk as a risk. Foreign currency exposure also exists when policies are denominated in currencies other than Aegon's functional currency of the Euro. Currency risk in the investment portfolios backing insurance and investment liabilities is managed using asset liability matching principles. Assets allocated to equity are kept in local currencies to the extent shareholders' equity is required to satisfy regulatory and Aegon's self-imposed capital requirements. Currency exchange rate fluctuations may therefore affect the level of Aegon's consolidated shareholders' equity as a result of translation of the equity of Aegon's subsidiaries into Euro, Aegon's reporting currency. Aegon holds the remainder of its capital base (capital securities, subordinated and senior debt) in various currencies in amounts that are targeted to correspond to the book value of Aegon's business units. This balancing is intended to mitigate currency translation impacts on equity and leverage ratios. Aegon may also hedge the expected dividends from its principal business units that maintain their equity in currencies other than the Euro.

Market risk assessment

Aegon UK and Aegon Ltd. use a Partial Internal Model (PIM) while the entities in Spain/Portugal use the Standard Formula (SF) to measure exposure to market risks. For entities outside Europe, Aegon developed an Economic Framework (EF) consistent with the principles of our PIM that is used to measure exposure to market risks. The combination of the PIM and the EF is an

appropriate representation of Aegon's risk profile. A quarterly assessment of the risk against stated risk tolerances is performed with the results set out in a quarterly risk dashboard.

Investment strategies are established based on asset and liability management studies. Business units set an objective function and clearly state the constraints that apply. The investment strategy seeks to achieve the objective function while satisfying the constraints.

For third-party business sourced externally, Aegon Asset Management distributes its investment strategies directly to its clients. The wholesale businesses typically sell collective investment vehicles (mutual funds) to customers through wholesale distributors and independent intermediaries. The main asset classes are fixed income and equities, and the funds are usually managed against a benchmark or peer group target.

The Economic Required Capital (ERC) Risk limit indicators reflect Aegon's risk preferences and capacity to take on risk. Aegon performed the annual review of ERC Risk limit indicators and risk strategy. The ERC Risk limit indicators were updated and implemented in the third quarter of 2023.

Exposure to Credit Risk is monitored in two ways:

At the portfolio level, credit risk is measured under Aegon's Economic Framework (EF) that is designed using market consistent principles. In accordance with the relevant risk policies, absolute and early warning indicators are set for each country unit, and for the Group as a whole, for the following credit risks:

It is important to ensure that there is no concentration to a particular name. The Credit Name Limit Policy (CNLP) covers this aspect. All forms of exposure are covered by this policy, which is therefore not limited to credit. For example, exposure through reinsurance contracts, derivative positions as well as other assets are included. In addition to the CNLP limits, the Focus List is in place to enhance the monitoring and assessment of credit risk. The Focus List requires that even when individual counterparties are within the CNLP limit it may be deemed necessary to restrict further investment if news regarding the credit quality of a particular company comes to light.

The exposure to individual names is measured and reported on a quarterly basis. Limits are defined for each country unit and at a group level based upon the rating of the name, with higher ratings receiving more capacity. Compliance with these limits is expected and breaches must be reported to the relevant risk committee. Any breaches to the Group Limits are reported to the GRCC and only the GRCC can grant an exemption.

C.1.2 Underwriting risk

Underwriting risk description

Underwriting risk, sometimes referred to as "insurance risk", arises from deviations from product pricing assumptions. These are typically actuarial assumptions that drive the size and frequency of claims. Underwriting risk is the result of both the inaccuracies in estimating the average liability cash flows over several future time periods, as well as fluctuations in the incidence of claims around that average.

Underwriting risk can be broken down into five distinct risk types: mortality risk, morbidity risk, policyholder behavior risk, property & casualty risk and expense risk. These five risk types are relevant across many of Aegon's businesses and are detailed hereafter.

Mortality/longevity risk

Mortality risk arises from economic losses due to realized mortality levels being higher than expectation (when mortality is lower than expected, this is referred to as longevity risk).

Mortality/longevity risk can result into increased policyholder benefits, Depending on the type of insurance product this can be because of mortality rates developing above or below expectation:

Morbidity risk

Morbidity risk arises from economic losses due to morbidity levels deviating from expectation. These variations can be driven by changes in policyholder illness, disability and disease rates.

Morbidity risk is inherent to income protection plans (disability insurance), health insurance, Long-Term Care and critical illness protection products. For these products, increased incidence of illness increases the likelihood of policyholder claims. For many products, such as disability insurance, both the increased frequency and severity of claims are significant sources of exposure.

Policyholder behavior

Policyholder behavior risk arises from economic losses due to policyholder behavior deviating from expectation. Insurance contracts typically provide policyholders with a variety of options that they may or may not exercise. Policyholder behavior risk is the risk that actual policyholder behavior varies from the assumptions built into the reserve calculations. This includes assumptions about lapses, withdrawals, premium payment levels, allocation of funds, and the utilization of possible options in the products.

Property & casualty risk

Property & Casualty risk (P&C) covers the risk that the parameters used in setting reserves or premiums for property and casualty business are inaccurate. Due to the different nature of setting reserves for property & casualty business it has its own risk type.

In practice, Aegon has a relatively small direct exposure to Property & Casualty risk. Aegon is also indirect exposed to P&C risk through 29.98% stake in a.s.r. Examples of Property & Casualty risks within Aegon are:

Expense risk

Expense risk is the risk that the expenses arising from servicing (re)insurance contracts may develop differently than expected. There are various types of expense risk:

Most expenses Aegon has within its businesses will be subject to expense risk if not contractually defined. These types of expenses include for example: salaries, office space, software licenses and fees to intermediaries.

Underwriting risk assessment

Aegon monitors and manages its underwriting risk by underwriting risk type. Attribution analysis is performed on earnings and reserve movements in order to understand the source of any material variation in actual results in comparison to expectations. Aegon's units also perform experience studies for underwriting risk assumptions, comparing Aegon's experience with industry experience as well as combining Aegon's experience and industry experience based on the depth of the history of each source for use in Aegon's underwriting assumptions. Where policy charges are flexible in products, Aegon uses these analyses as the

basis for modifying these charges, with a view to maintain a balance between policyholder and shareholder interests. Aegon also has the ability to reduce expense levels over time, thus mitigating unfavorable expense variation.

Aegon reviews its actuarial and economic assumptions periodically. In addition, as part of an ongoing commitment to deliver operational excellence, the Company reviews and refines its models where necessary.

Aegon manages underwriting risks by regularly reviewing the experience, holding capital to cover the extreme events, monitoring the risk exposures against ERC Risk limit indicators (which are set in accordance to the risk strategy) and continuing to look for risk mitigation opportunities.

C.1.3 Credit risk

Counterparty default risk

Spread risk, migration risk and default (market risk concentration) risk relating to financial investments are discussed in section C.1.1 Market risk.

Counterparty default risk mainly covers exposure to risk mitigating contracts, cash at bank and receivables for which capital is calculated under the Standard Formula. This is not a material component of Aegon's credit risk. For a description of Aegon's material credit risk, refer to section C.1.1.

Credit risk assessment

Counterparty default risk is assessed similarly to other credit risk types. Reference is made to section C.1.1 under Market Risk section.

Risk concentration

Counterparty default risk concentrations are assessed similarly to other credit risk types. Reference is made to section C.1.1 under Market Risk section.

Risk mitigation

Counterparty default risk is mitigated similarly to other credit risk types. Reference is made to section C.1.1 under Market Risk section.

C.1.4 Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk description

Liquidity risk is inherent in much of Aegon's business. Each asset purchased and liability incurred has its own liquidity characteristics. For example, some policyholders have the option to cash in their policy in retufor a surrender benefit, while some assets, such as privately placed loans, mortgage loans, real estate and limited partnership interests, have low liquidity. If Aegon were to require significant amounts of cash at short notice in excess of normal cash requirements and existing credit facilities, it would have difficulty in selling these investments at attractive prices or in a timely manner.

Aegon uses derivatives extensively in its hedging programs in the United States and Europe. These programs significantly reduce market risk, but collateral requirements can increase liquidity risk in the event of stock markets or interest rates moving significantly.

Liquidity risk assessment

Illiquidity of certain investment assets may prevent Aegon from selling investments at fair prices in a timely manner. Aegon needs to maintain sufficient liquidity to meet short-term cash demand under normal circumstances, as well as in crisis situations. The availability of sufficient liquidity ensures that Aegon can fulfill its obligations towards policyholders and other stakeholders for an extended period of time without becoming a forced seller. This prevents compounding losses and a loss of confidence.

Liquidity management is a fundamental building block of Aegon's overall financial planning and capital allocation processes. The Company's liquidity risk policy sets guidelines for its operating companies and the holding in order to achieve a prudent liquidity profile and to meet cash demands even under extreme conditions.

Aegon's liquidity management is based on expected claims and benefit payments rather than on the contractual maturities. The projected cash benefit payments are based on management's best estimates of the expected gross benefits and

expenses, partially offset by the expected gross premiums, fees and charges relating to the existing business in force. Estimated cash benefit payments are based on mortality, morbidity and lapse assumptions based on Aegon's historical experience, modified for recently observed trends. Actual payment obligations may differ if experience varies from these assumptions.

On a regular basis, Aegon reviews medium-term cash flow projections for each business unit and legal entity in order to identify and manage liquidity requirements over the planning horizon. Stress testing is carried out in order to assess the ability of Aegon companies to continue to manage liquidity risk in the event of a financial market stress. The most onerous stress scenario for Aegon is a rapid increase in interest rates in key markets that leads to a significant payment of collateral to Aegon's hedge counterparties.

Aegon's liquidity risk profile remained strong throughout 2023. Aegon makes use of (syndicated) credit facilities to serve as additional sources of liquidity.

Many of Aegon's derivative transactions require Aegon to pledge collateral against declines in the value of these contracts. Volatile financial markets may significantly increase requirements to pledge collateral and adversely affect Aegon's liquidity position. Furthermore, a downgrade of Aegon's credit ratings may also result in additional collateral requirements and affect Aegon's liquidity.

Any security Aegon issues in significant volume may be issued at higher financing costs if funding conditions are impaired, as they have been from time to time in recent years. The requirement to issue securities can be driven by a variety of factors. For instance, Aegon may need liquidity for operating expenses, debt servicing and the maintenance of capital levels of insurance subsidiaries. Although Aegon manages its liquidity position for extreme events, including greatly reduced liquidity in capital markets, if these conditions were to persist for an extended period of time, it is possible that it would be necessary for Aegon to sell assets substantially below prices at which they are currently recorded to meet its insurance obligations. A review of liquidity management was conducted during 2023 with a number of actions taken. The trigger for the liquidity review was the rapid rise in interest rates (hiked in response to spiking inflation, a consequence of Covid-19 lockdown and re-opening).

C.1.5 Operational risk

Operational risk description

Aegon Group faces operational risk resulting from operational failures or external events. Aegon defines operational risk as a potential event that may result in (complete or partial) non-achievement of the Company's business objectives. Operational risk is further defined as risk of losses resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes and controls, people and systems or from external events.

These definitions highlight the four causes of operational risk events: (1) external events; (2) inadequate or failing processes and controls; (3) people; and (4) systems.

Aegon's systems and processes are designed to support complex products and transactions, and to help protect against such issues as system failures, business disruption, financial crime, and breaches of information security. Aegon monitors and analyses these risks, and retains flexibility to update and revise where necessary.

Operational risk assessment

Aegon's approach to evaluating operational risks is based on the quantitative and qualitative rating of those risks with regard to their potential impact and likelihood after consideration of the effectiveness of controls. Risk impact is assessed along the following five impact dimensions: financial loss, customer, reputational, regulatory and financial misstatement impact. The resulting ratings reflect the (residual) risk the business area is running. The senior management of each strategic business unit reports their forward-looking risk profile on a quarterly basis, together with details of action plans that address key risks and, where appropriate, the CRO's opinion on the effectiveness of those plans. Please see section B.4.1 ORM framework for a detailed description.

Aegon has identified eight risk categories that serve as a common language for the Group and support the preparation of operational risk reporting and analysis. The eight categories are detailed below:

Business risk

The risk of losses due to failed or inadequate strategy execution, marketing and sales practices, distribution channels, pricing, investment returns, and handling of customer complaints or late reaction to changes in the business environment.

Legal, regulatory, conduct & compliance risk

The risk that losses occur resulting from non-voluntary legal liabilities, inadequate legal documentation; or products, services, people and actions failing to deliver the reasonable expectations of its customers and other stakeholders; or failure to comply with laws, regulations and internal company rules and policies, as well as late identification of significant and potential legal and regulatory developments.

Tax risk

Tax risk is the risk associated with changes in tax laws, or the interpretation of tax laws, later jurisprudence or case law, or the introduction of new taxes or tax laws. This tax risk includes for example the risk of changes in tax rates, changes in loss carry-over rules and new rules restricting the tax deductibility of interest expenses.

Tax risk also includes the risk of consequences arising from failure to comply with procedures required by tax authorities. Failure to manage tax risks may lead to increased tax charges, including financial or operating penalties. This tax risk may have a direct materially adverse effect on Aegon's profits, capital and financial condition. Any changes in tax laws, interpretation of tax laws, later jurisprudence or case law, or the introduction of new taxes or tax laws in all countries in which Aegon operates or invests, which affects Aegon's products, may have a materially adverse effect on Aegon's businesses, results of operations, capital and financial condition.

Financial crime risk

A wrongful act (including money laundering), omission, breach of duty or trust, intentionally performed by an Aegon employee, intermediary or external party, which potentially could or results in disadvantage to Aegon or another.

Processing risk

The risk of losses due to inadequate or failing administrative processes and related internal controls, inadequate capturing of source data, reporting errors, modeling errors and failing outsourcing and supplier arrangements.

Information technology & business disruption risk

The risk of losses due to a failure in management of technology asset inventory and asset lifecycle management processes, lack of IT availability and performance due to ineffective incident management processes, inability to protect confidentiality, integrity, and availability of assets and data, and inability to effectively recover and resume operations following a business disruption event or other calamity.

People risk

The risk of losses due to acts inconsistent with employment, health or safety laws or agreements, from payment of personal injury claims or from diversity/discrimination incidents or losses resulting from an insufficient number of, or appropriately trained, personnel.

Facility risk

The risk of losses due to inadequate or failing physical asset management (including physical security incidents and inefficient procurement) and events causing damage to physical assets (vandalism, water damage, fire, explosions etc.).

Processing risks are generally considered to be most material operational risks for Aegon. While systems and processes are designed to support complex transactions and avoid systems failure, fraud, information security failures, processing errors and breaches of regulation, any failure may lead to a materially adverse effect on Aegon's results of operations and corporate reputation. In addition, Aegon must commit significant resources to maintain and enhance its existing systems in order to keep pace with industry standards and customer preferences. Material strategic business units entered into Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) agreements for servicing and administering different parts of the existing business. This has increased Outsourcing & Supplier risk and the need to further strengthen Third Party Risk management throughout the Company. If Aegon were to fail to keep up-to-date and secure its information systems, it is possible that the Company would not be able to rely on information for product pricing, risk management and underwriting decisions. In addition, although back-up and recovery systems and contingency plans are in place, Aegon cannot assure investors that interruptions, failures or breaches in security

of these processes and systems will not occur, or if they do occur, that they can be adequately addressed. The occurrence of any of these events may have a materially adverse effect on Aegon's businesses, results of operations and financial condition.

Aegon retains confidential information on its computer systems, on premise or in the cloud, including customer information and proprietary business information. Any compromise to the security of Aegon's computer systems that results in the disclosure of personally identifiable customer information and other company information may damage the Company's reputation, expose Aegon to litigation, increase regulatory scrutiny, and require Aegon to incur significant technical, legal and other expenses.

Other

Inaccuracies in (financial) models could have a significant adverse effect on Aegon's business, results of operations and financial condition. Reliance on various (financial) models to measure risk, price products and establish key results, is critical to Aegon's operations. If these models or the underlying assumptions prove to be inaccurate, this could have a significant adverse effect on Aegon's business or performance. This risk is controlled by having robust internal controls and governance over the models, including adhering to the Group Model Risk Management, Model Change and Model Validation policies.

Changes towards more sophisticated information technologies, the introduction of new products and services, changing customer needs and evolving applicable standards increase the dependency on the internet, secure systems and related technology. Material strategic business units are currently implementing major modernization programs to reposition the organization for a more customer-centric and digitally-based business environment. The level of change in these programs will introduce new challenges, in addition to increasing existing operational risks and, as a result, the Group has invested significantly in the control and oversight processes and resources supporting these programs to ensure that operational risk exposures are monitored and managed effectively.

For more information on Environmental, Social and Governance risk reference is made to Aegon's 2023 Integrated Annual Report.

C.1.6 Compliance risk

Compliance risk is discussed in section C.1.5 Operational risk.

C.1.7 Other risks

There are no other material risks identified.

C.1.8 Changes in the reporting period

Changes in the risk profile of Aegon are monitored by the Risk Management Function. On significant changes Aegon assures that there is risk oversight as part of the change initiative and a risk opinion is issued before the final go-live decision, if any. For 2023 we consider the following changes as significant.

Combination of Aegon NL with a.s.r.

In 2022 Aegon agreed with a.s.r. to combine its Dutch pension, life and non-life insurance, banking, and mortgage origination activities. This combination creates a leading Dutch insurance company. Aegon received EUR 2.2 billion in cash proceeds, and a 29.99% strategic stake in a.s.r., with associated governance rights. Aegon's Dutch asset management activities remain part of Aegon's global asset manager. Aegon has entered into a long-term asset management agreement with a.s.r. to manage parts of the combination's general account investments, the investments of the Premium Pension Institution (PPI) offering of Aegon Cappital, and a.s.r.'s mortgage funds.

In July 2023 the transaction with a.s.r. was completed after a program which disentangled the Aegon NL entities from the Aegon Group. As these entities were a significant part of the Aegon Group there are still some servicing relationships between the parties which will cease to exist over time.

Risk and Compliance oversight was part of the program which resulted in a positive risk opinion on the finalization of the transaction.

Change of the legal domicile and Group supervision to Bermuda

The Board discussed in depth the redomiciliation of the legal seat with management and external advisors during additional meetings outside the regular cycle of meetings. Following the closure of the transaction with a.s.r., Aegon no longer had a regulated insurance business in the Netherlands. Under EU Solvency II insurance regulation, DNB could no longer act as

group supervisor and thus a new group supervisor was required. The Board, together with management, explored various options and their viability to support Aegon's global strategy.

Following discussions in the college of supervisors, the Bermuda Monetary Authority (BMA) informed Aegon that it would become its group supervisor after transferring Aegon's legal seat to Bermuda. The Board, in close consultation with Aegon's leadership and external advisors, concluded that the proposed move is in the best interest of the company's stakeholders and provides the company with the stability needed to continue executing its strategy. The transfer of the legal seat to Bermuda allows Aegon to maintain its headquarters in the Netherlands.

On June 30, 2023, Aegon announced its intention to change its legal domicile from the Netherlands to Bermuda to facilitate the transfer of Aegon's group supervision from the Dutch Central Bank to the Bermuda Monetary Authority. The change in legal domicile was effectuated following the approval from the Shareholders for the cross-border conversion during the Extraordinary General Meetings of Shareholders held on September 29 and September 30, 2023.

Bermuda hosts many respected international insurance companies, including four of Aegon's subsidiaries. Bermuda's regulatory regime is well recognized, having been granted equivalent status by the EU under the Solvency II regime, and by the UK under its own Solvency UK regime. It has also been designated as a qualified jurisdiction and reciprocal jurisdiction by the US National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC). This enables insurance companies that are regulated by the BMA to easily conduct cross-border business.

Aegon's regulated insurance entities in the US, UK, Spain, Portugal and in other jurisdictions continue to be supervised by their current local regulators. In addition, Aegon's asset management activities in the Netherlands continue to be supervised by the Authority Financial Markets and DNB.

All existing assets and liabilities, rights, obligations and other legal relationships of Aegon N.V. have remained with Aegon Ltd. Aegon adjusted its governance to reflect the change in legal domicile. The new governance includes the implementation of a one-tier board structure, comprised of both Executive and Non-Executive Directors. The governance position of, and arrangements with, Vereniging Aegon remained materially unchanged.

As a result of the feedback received from stakeholders, the Board committed to submit for approval to the first Aegon Ltd. general meeting of shareholders to be held in 2024 an amendment to the Aegon Ltd. bye-laws, to include the following provisions:

The change in Group supervision does not have a material impact on Aegon's capital management approach, which will continue to focus on the capitalization of its operating units, Cash Capital at the Holding and gross financial leverage. Consequently, the financial targets for 2025 that Aegon provided at its 2023 Capital Markets Day are unchanged.

Aegon's Group Solvency ratio and surplus under the Bermuda solvency framework will be broadly in line with that under the Solvency II Regime during a transition period until the end of 2027. During the transition period, Aegon uses a combination of the two methods - Accounting Consolidation and Deduction & Aggregation - to calculate the Group Solvency ratio. For insurance entities domiciled outside the EEA for which provisional or full equivalence applies, such as the United States, Aegon uses the Deduction and Aggregation method, based on local regulatory requirements, to translate these into the Group Solvency position. Aegon's UK insurance subsidiaries have been incorporated into the Aegon's Solvency calculation in accordance with UK Solvency II standards, including Aegon UK's approved Partial Internal Model.

The change of Aegon's legal domicile to Bermuda allowed Aegon to maintain its headquarters in the Netherlands, remain a Dutch tax resident, and maintain its listings on Euronext Amsterdam and the NYSE.

At several steps of the project to change the legal domicile and Group supervision to Bermuda the Risk Management Function was involved and provided its opinion, together with a gap analysis and action plan on the changed supervisory regulation and guidance.

IFRS 17 implementation

IFRS 17, accounting for insurance contracts, became effective as of January 2023. As part of the implementation of the accounting standard, Aegon provided an educational webinar in March 2023.

IFRS 17 aims to provide a consistent valuation of insurance contracts, increased transparency on profitability and drivers and an improved comparability between companies. The implementation of IFRS 17 results in a change of reporting. However, there is no change to Aegon's corporate and business strategy, capital management approach, financial targets and outlook. As a result of the implementation IFRS shareholders' equity reduces, largely due to liability remeasurement and setting up a Contractual Service Margin (CSM), which will be released in the future and translate into higher earnings. The accounting choices made by Aegon as part of the IFRS 17 implementation are aimed at simplification of reporting processes, alignment of earnings with local capital frameworks where possible, and limitation of earnings volatility. IFRS 17 will increase information value by providing more insight into the economics of the business.

During the implementation phase the progress was monitored by the Risk Management Function which provided interim risk opinions on the IFRS 17 readiness and a final risk opinion in August 2023. These opinions highlighted the attention items for a proper implementation which were followed up by management.

AI systems

In the rapidly advancing landscape of Financial Services, Generative Artificial Intelligence (Gen AI) has emerged as a transformative force, offering unprecedented opportunities for innovation, efficiency, and customer engagement. The recent developments with Generative AI tools such as ChatGPT have accelerated the interest and opportunities of AI.

Aegon is following these developments with interest and, besides its opportunities, is aware of the risks, limitations and challenges the use of AI has, related to data privacy, security, bias, misinformation and intellectual property rights. When used, Aegon strives to do this in an ethical and prudent way. Therefore internal policies and standards are set up which address these items.

C.2 How risks of the insurance group are mitigated including the methods used and the process to monitor the effectiveness of these methods

Market risk

Aegon has generally positive impacts from equity market increases and negative impacts from equity market declines as it earns fees on policyholder account balances and in certain cases provides minimum guarantees for account values. Hedging of exposures may change those effects significantly and equity hedges are used extensively to manage the equity market risk related to products with guarantees that have underlying equity funds.

Equity risk is split into three types: (1) direct equity risk; (2) equity guarantee risk and (3) equity fee risk. Aegon sets a limit at Group and Regional level for each of these types of equity risk. Hedging programs are in place that are designed to manage the risks within these defined indicator levels. Equity hedge programs use equity options, dynamic option-replicating strategies and unit matching specifically in the UK to provide protection against the impact of equity market declines.

Aegon employs sophisticated interest rate risk measurement techniques. Fixed interest assets along with interest rate swap and swaption derivatives are used extensively to manage the interest rate risk exposure. Aegon sets a limit on interest rate risk at Group and regional levels. All derivative use is governed by Aegon's Derivative Use Policy.

Aegon sets a limit on currency risk at Group and regional levels. Subsidiaries do not engage in currency speculation or program trading. Any assets or liabilities not in the functional currency of the business are hedged to that currency. In any case where this is not possible or practical, the remaining currency exposure is controlled by limits on total exposure at both group and local level.

Aegon has issued debt instruments in Euro, US Dollar and British Pound denominations. The Group uses currency derivatives such as swaps, forwards and futures to manage currency exposures.

Hedging programs are operated by many of the country units within Aegon. The performance of these hedge programs is monitored closely by both the country units and Aegon Group and is reported on a monthly basis.

Aegon manages credit risk exposure by individual counterparty, sector and asset class, including cash positions through its ERM framework as described in section B.3 Risk management and Solvency self-assessment. Different exposures are mitigated in a variety of ways as described below.

Aegon generally mitigates credit risk in derivative contracts by entering into a credit support agreement, where practical, and in ISDA (International Swaps and Derivatives Association) master netting agreements for most of Aegon's legal entities. The counterparties to these transactions are investment banks that are typically rated 'A' or higher. The credit support agreement generally dictates the threshold over which collateral needs to be pledged by Aegon or its counterparty.

Transactions requiring Aegon or its counterparty to post collateral are typically the result of derivative trades, comprised mostly of interest rate swaps, equity swaps, currency swaps and credit swaps. Collateral received is mainly cash (USD and EUR). The credit support agreements that outline the acceptable collateral require high quality instruments to be posted.

New interest rate swap transactions in the United States are traded via Central Clearing Houses, as required by the Dodd-Frank act. Similar requirements were introduced in Europe through the EMIR regulations. Credit risk in these transactions is mitigated through posting of initial and variation margins.

Aegon may mitigate credit risk in reinsurance contracts by including downgrade clauses that allow the recapture of business, retaining ownership of assets required to support liabilities ceded or by requiring the reinsurer to hold assets in trust. For the resulting net credit risk exposure, Aegon employs deterministic and stochastic credit risk modelling in order to assess the Group's credit risk profile, associated earnings and capital implications due to various credit loss scenarios. To maintain compliance with the CNLP limits, Aegon may use Credit Default Swaps to manage credit risk.

Underwriting risk

Aegon's risk management and control systems are designed to ensure that risks are managed effectively and efficiently in a way that is aligned with the Company's strategy. Risk management involves, among others, the monitoring of risk exposures and actively maintaining oversight of the Company's overall risk and solvency positions. Underwriting risk is mitigated through various processes:

Liquidity risk

Aegon operates a Liquidity Risk policy under which country units are obliged to maintain sufficient levels of highly liquid assets to meet cash demands by policyholders and account holders over the next two years. Potential cash demands are assessed under a stress scenario that includes spikes in disintermediation risk due to rising interest rates and concerns over Aegon's financial strength due to multiple downgrades of Aegon Group's credit rating. At the same time, the liquidity of assets other than cash and government issues is assumed to be severely impaired for an extended period of time. All legal entities and Aegon Group must maintain enough liquidity in order to meet all cash needs under this extreme scenario. The purpose of this Liquidity Risk Policy is to demonstrate effective liquidity management; liquidity is monitored and reported to Group at a minimum quarterly frequency.

Aegon Group expects to meet its obligations, even in a stressed liquidity event, from operating cash flows and the proceeds of maturing assets as well as highly liquid assets.

Aegon Group also has access to back-up credit facilities, which were unused at the end of the reporting period, even after the large rise in interest rates that was experienced over 2022 and 2023.

Internal and external credit facilities can be used to ensure liquidity needs are met. An internal agreement may be used to provide liquidity support from Group to a subsidiary. Transamerica removed the external contingent liquidity sources, and replaced them with a broader and more flexible range of liquidity tools that include a liquidity line with Group Treasury, making use of the Federal Home Loan Bank and repo facilities.

Operational risk

Operational risks at Aegon are mitigated by maintaining a strong risk control framework and culture. Please refer to section B.4.1 ORM framework for a detailed description of the ORM framework. All operational risks that are assessed as exceeding the set risk tolerance levels require management to determine a risk response. Risk response is the decision-making process to accept, control, transfer or avoid risks. Allowances for risk mitigation (e.g. insurance, third party indemnification) are made where appropriate. As an example, operational risk scenarios are developed annually and mapped to insurance programs to provide transparency where risk mitigation is effective or not under risk transfer solutions.

C.3 Material risk concentrations

Market risk

Aegon minimizes concentration risks by maintaining a well-diversified portfolio across and within investment categories such as asset class, geographical region and industry sector. Investing in a larger number of separate market risks can also introduce concentration risks; separate exposures could all generate losses at the same time, perhaps due to a shared exposure to another risk factor. Aegon manages this exposure through the Credit Name Limit Policy. This policy, for example, covers all asset classes such as equity, cash, credit, derivatives and reinsurance use. Compliance with the indicators is expected and any breaches must be dealt with as described in the ERM Policy. The use of ERC Risk limit indicators and the quarterly monitoring process are intended to ensure that Aegon limits its exposure to a single risk type.

The risk of concentration to an individual counterparty is covered by the CNLP. The CNLP covers all asset classes such as equity, credit, cash and derivatives. The Prudent Person principle applies in this context as well. This principle is built into the Investment & Counterparty Risk Policy, and all country units are expected to comply with this principle or explain the reason for being non-compliant.

For information regarding quantitative details related to Aegon's market and credit risk concentrations, see Note 4, Equity market risk and other investments risk on page 197, and Credit Risk Concentration on page 183 of Aegon's 2023 Integrated Annual Report.

Credit risk

The general account portfolios of Aegon business units are well-diversified with high credit quality exposures spread across a range of industry sectors.

Aegon operates a Credit Name Limit Policy under which limits are placed on the aggregate exposure that it has to any one counterparty. Limits are placed on the exposure at both group level and individual country units. The limits also vary by a rating system, which is a composite of the main rating agencies (S&P, Moody's and Fitch) and Aegon's internal rating of the counterparty. If an exposure exceeds the stated limit, then the exposure must be reduced to the limit for the country unit and rating category as soon as possible. Exceptions to these limits can only be made after explicit approval from Aegon's GRCC. The policy is reviewed regularly.

At December 31, 2023, there were no violations of the Credit Name Limit Policy at Group level (2022: none). Aegon had large government exposures, the largest being to the United States. Highly rated government bonds and government exposure domestically issued and owned in local currency are excluded from the Credit Name Limit Policy.

For Aegon Group, the long-term counterparty exposure limits as at December 31, 2023, are as follows:

Equity market risk

Equity risk is generally well-diversified, with exposure coming through indirect exposure to policyholder account values and exposure to major market indices through derivatives instruments used for hedging. Any aggregate exposure to specific corporations is managed through the CNLP.

Underwriting risk

Besides the risk indicator levels as measured by gross ERC at group and business unit level, it's a common practice to address 'concentration' of risk on insured lives or, for property and casualty business, on insured objects, using a risk limit per single life (or joint lives) and per insured object. The exposures on a few lives (or objects) with a much higher risk than the average in the portfolio can create unwanted volatility in the results. Aegon limits such exposures by setting retention limits, reducing the impact of process risk and also increasing the stability of the underwriting results. These retention limits are typically chosen in such a way that the remaining exposure is acceptable, relative to the size of the earnings and the size of the balance sheet of the Company. Risk mitigation and managing compliance with the retention limits can be achieved through reinsurance (external or internal), the underwriting process or through the product design.

Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk originating directly from insurance business is well-diversified with no material concentrations of risk.

Liquidity required to fund collateral calls depends on various market factors and some of these could be considered material risk concentrations. The main factor is the extensive use of interest rate swaps to hedge against falling interest rates. If interest rates were to rise rapidly in US and UK economies, as they did throughout 2022 and 2023, then Aegon's main business units would have to increase liquidity requirements.

On a regular basis, Aegon reviews medium-term cash-flow projections for business units and legal entities in order to identify and manage liquidity requirements over the planning horizon. Liquidity risk originating directly from insurance business is well-diversified with no material concentrations of risk.

Stress testing is conducted in order to assess the ability of Aegon companies to manage liquidity needs in the event of financial market stress. The Aegon Group Liquidity Policy sets out a prudent stress test that all business units must perform at least quarterly and as at the fourth quarter 2023, Aegon was compliant with the requirements set out in this policy. In addition to the Group test, business units are required to create a local test that is specific to their own liquidity risks. Results of the Group and local tests are reported to Aegon's Executive Committee and Board of Directors.

Operational risk

Operational risk concentration can occur where specific risk exposures are in excess of operational risk appetite. Aegon's management maintains a well-controlled environment and sound (conduct) policies and practices to help control these risks and aim at supporting keeping these risks at appropriate levels. Aegon's operational risk capital (ORC) that is included in the Aegon PIM SCR is calculated using Standard Formula, except for Aegon UK where ORC is based on an Internal Model.

Operational risk for Aegon is dominated by the following material risk concentrations:

Processing risk

ORC is held on the basis of potential but unlikely extreme loss events such as a material financial misstatement, non-payment of claims by reinsurer, modelling errors, or failure of an outsourcing partner.

Consistent with Aegon's strategic aims, the Company will be increasing the nature and volume of digitalization of activities in its business operations over the course of the next years. To ensure that the risks inherent with this developing concentration exposure are managed effectively, an IT Risk Management Framework and a Third-Party Risk Management Framework have been developed and implemented across the Group. These frameworks consist of Group-wide risk management policies, risk management standards, and other guidance to aid with consistent implementation of the framework. Aegon measures implementation of its Group-wide policies via the annual policy attestation process.

IT & business disruption risk

ORC is held on the basis of potential extreme loss events such as a cyber attack, leading to data exfiltration of records of customer data or ransomware attack, (by an external party) targeted at our company and which managed to encrypt files which leads to operational disruption due to the unavailability of critical data. Information security strategy and related roadmaps are in place to help support the reduction of the information security risk profile throughout the organization. This includes initiatives around Vulnerability Management, Privileged Access Management, Identity Access Management, Cloud Security, Network Segmentation, and Endpoint Detection and Response.

C.4 Prudent person principle

Under the prudent person principle, the Group only assumes investment risks that it can properly identify, measure, monitor and control, taking into consideration its capital needs and resources, short-term and long-term sources and uses of funding liquidity, policyholder obligations and the protection of the interests of policyholders and beneficiaries.

The prudent person principle has been embedded into Aegon's system of governance, and is applicable for Underwriting risk, Market risk and Credit risk.

In accordance with the Investment and Counterparty Risk policy, the business unit is required to explain how the prudent person principle requirements are met.

The risks on the investment side are presented in Risk Reporting analysis with more detailed reporting performed by Aegon Asset Management. Aegon's Risk Appetite Framework is in place to ensure that the assets held are appropriate to the nature of the liabilities without taking on excessive risks:

C.5 The stress testing and sensitivity analysis to assess material risks, including the methods and assumptions used by the insurance Group, and the outcomes

Aegon calculates the sensitivities of its Solvency ratios as part of its capital management framework. The following table provides an overview of the sensitivities (downward and upward) to certain parameters and their estimated impact on the Solvency ratio. As of December 31, 2023, Aegon has a 29.98% stake in a.s.r. following the completion of the transaction with a.s.r. The impact from this 29.98% stake has been excluded from the sensitivities of the Group Solvency ratio. The Solvency and Financial Condition Report 2023 of a.s.r. provides the sensitivities of a.s.r.

Please note that the sensitivities listed in the tables below represent sensitivities to Aegon's position at the balance sheet date. The sensitivities reflect single shocks, where other elements remain unchanged. Real-world market impacts (for example, lower interest rates and declining equity markets) may happen simultaneously, which can lead to more severe combined impacts and may not be equal to the sum of the individual sensitivities presented in the table. The sensitivities assume deferred tax asset (DTA) admissibility. Under certain adverse scenarios and where applicable, part of DTAs could become inadmissible. While this would increase the sensitivities relative to the published sensitivities, the DTAs would still be recoverable over time. In the sensitivities of the Americas, part of the DTAs was inadmissible per December 31, 2023.

Equity sensitivities

Aegon is exposed to the risk of a downfall in equity markets. This is mainly a consequence of indirect equity exposure in the Americas.

In the Americas, equity sensitivities are primarily driven by the variable annuity business, where base contract fees are charged as a percentage of underlying funds, many of which are equity based. The asymmetry between the impacts of up and down shocks is caused by reserve flooring in the variable annuity business.

Interest rates sensitivities

Aegon's Group Solvency ratio is not very sensitive to movements in interest rates given the asset liability management and hedging programs that are in place.

Spread sensitivities

The non-government spread sensitivities include shocks on corporate bonds and structured instruments. Overall, Aegon is exposed to the risk of widening credit spreads, which results in lower asset valuations. Aegon as a whole has little exposure to changes in government spreads.

Credit default and migration sensitivities

Credit sensitivities reflect the 1-in-10 impact of defaults and migrations separately. Defaults represent the annual impact of a level three times the long-term average with 1/3 in Operating Capital Generation and the remainder as a shock impact. Ratings migrations are equivalent to 10% of the general account portfolio dropping one letter grade. Under the default sensitivity, the credit impairments reduce the value of credit exposures, resulting in lower available capital. The downward rating migrations of credit instruments increase the amount of required capital.

Longevity sensitivities

All main business units contribute to the company-wide risk that people will live longer than the expectations embedded in our provisions.

More details on local sensitivities and comparison with last year can be found on pages 92 - 94 of Aegon's 2023 Integrated Annual Report.

C.6 Any other material information

There is no other material information to report.

D. Solvency valuation

This section sets out information on the determination of the Group Solvency. It explains the bases, methods and assumptions used for the valuation.

The Balance sheet shown above presents Aegon's Economic Balance sheet. This presents the consolidated value per balance sheet line item for the entities for which full consolidation is being applied. The Investments line includes also an amount of EUR 11,838 as participation value resulting from the aggregation of Deduction and Aggregation (D&A) and Other Financial Sector (OFS) entities. See for further reference in section E. Capital management under Aggregation methods.

D.1 The valuation basis, assumptions and methods used to derive the value of each asset class

Fair value hierarchy

The table below provides an analysis of the individual instruments by level of the fair value hierarchy.

Fair value hierarchy of financial assets

Note 38 Fair value of Aegon's 2023 Integrated Annual Report provides a detailed description of fair value valuation for all asset classes.

D.2 The valuation basis, assumptions and methods used to derive the value of technical provisions

Aegon has agreed with the BMA a five year transition period until year-end 2027 to transition to the Economic Balance Sheet (EBS) and Bermudian Solvency Capital Requirements (BSCR). Group Solvency reporting will be broadly in line with existing Solvency II methodologies and aggregation approaches during the transition period.

For the EU and UK (re)insurance legal entities, the Solvency technical provisions are calculated taking into account the requirements of the local Solvency II regime. This includes for UK (re)insurance legal entities impact from the recent UK Risk Margin reform.

EU and UK (re)insurance legal entities are included in the Group Solvency position through Accounting Consolidation. Non-EU and Non-UK (re)insurance legal entities are included in the Group Solvency position through Deduction & Aggregation in which only these entities' Own Funds and Solvency requirements are consolidated. The related technical provisions for these entities are not explicitly consolidated for the Group Solvency balance sheet reporting.

EU and UK (re)insurance legal entities

The technical provisions consist of the Best Estimate Liability (BEL) and the Risk Margin (RM). The BEL is calculated using projection models and is the probability-weighted average of projected future cash-flows, taking account of the time value of money, using the relevant risk-free interest rate term structure, with Matching Adjustment (MA) or Volatility Adjustment (VA) where appropriate, prescribed by European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) for the EU entities and matching those utilized within the UK sub-group regulatory filing for the UK subsidiaries as agreed upon with the BMA. This liability valuation includes the projection of mortality, lapses, expenses, fund values, charges and other factors that impact future cash flows, based on best-estimate assumptions. In cases where the liabilities do not include material embedded options or guarantees, they are calculated deterministically. The liability for material embedded options or guarantees is calculated using stochastically generated economic scenarios.

The MA is one of the long-term guarantee measures in the Solvency II regulation to ensure an appropriate treatment of insurance products that include long-term guarantees. The MA can only be applied for separate portfolios of matched assets and liabilities and is designed to reflect the fact that for these portfolios there is no exposure to credit spread fluctuations that are not related to increased probability of default. The MA is applied by Aegon UK for separate portfolios of matched assets and liabilities that are covering annuity business. The calculation methodology which was adopted to implement the MA was approved by local regulators.

The VA is the other long-term guarantee measures in the Solvency II regulation to ensure an appropriate treatment of insurance products that include long-term guarantees. It aims at stabilizing the Solvency balance sheet during short periods of high market volatility by adding an extra spread component to the discount rate used for the calculation of technical provisions. The VA is applied by Aegon Spain for all types of their business while Aegon UK applies the VA to all traditional and unitized with-profits business.

The RM is included in the technical provisions to allow for the uncertainty around the best estimate non-economic assumptions. SCR for non-hedgeable risks (like underwriting and operational risks) form the basis of the calculation of the RM. The RM calculation is based on a cost-of-capital method applied to a projection of SCRs based on a 99.5% confidence level and aggregation is performed by applying diversification benefits factors to each risk type that is applicable to the Solvency Partial Internal Model (Aegon UK) or Standard Formula (EU legal entities). Diversification is only applied within the legal entities. The RM is calculated using EU Solvency II regulation for the EU legal entities and matches the RM utilized within the UK sub-group regulatory filing for the UK subsidiaries.

Ongoing validation and review processes are in place to ensure that models being used remain appropriate and can be relied upon, including model validations, process reviews carried out by the Internal Audit Function and review of results performed by external auditors.

Assumptions - Best estimate non-economic (for EU and UK (re)insurance legal entities)

Best estimate non-economic assumptions are used by the EU and UK (re)insurance legal entities for the Solvency II reporting framework (for the valuation of the BEL), as well as the EU-IFRS reporting framework.

Non-economic assumptions are proposed by the first line Chief Actuary and reviewed by the second line risk function. They are approved by the local board or local management team. This governance also requires the independent opinion and recommendation of the Actuarial Function Holder. The table below gives an overview on the significant non-economic assumptions:

Best estimate actuarial assumptions (i.e. mortality, longevity and lapse) and maintenance expenses assumptions are developed through periodic experience studies. The frequency of these studies is determined by the relative significance of the assumption in relation to actuarial calculations, its volatility, and the amount of new experience available.

Mortality assumptions are generally developed based on a blend of company experience and industry wide studies, taking into consideration product characteristics, own risk selection criteria, target market and past experience.

Longevity assumptions are set for annuity business where benefit payments are a function of survivorship status. An important feature of the annuitant longevity as well as the mortality basis is the inclusion of a long-term rate of improvement of mortality.

Consistent with last year, the UK continues to exclude experience data for 2020 and 2021 from the experience analysis periods used in setting most of the assumptions for use at year-end 2023 on the basis that it may not be reflective of future long-term experience due to the distorting effects of Covid-19 on mortality and morbidity, and on policyholder behaviour.

Policyholder behavior (e.g. lapse, surrender, withdrawal, annuitization, and premium persistency) assumptions are set where policyholders have options to withdraw funds, cancel their contracts, cease or adjust premium amounts, or elect embedded options. Policyholder behavior assumptions depend on product features, policy duration and external circumstances such as

the interest rate environment and competitors. Reliable own experience, as well as available industry wide data, are used in establishing assumptions.

Maintenance expense assumptions reflect the cost of administering policyholder contracts and are derived from the cost analysis that forms a key part of each entity's cost management activity. Broadly speaking, cost loadings are derived by identifying the costs that are expected to be incurred in respect of administering policyholder business, and dividing this by the number of relevant contracts at a contract type level, or set as a percentage of premium. Expert judgment is mainly required in order to classify costs as acquisition or renewal, to select the drivers in order to allocate costs to products, and to classify of expenses as exceptional or recurring expenses.

Non-Life claims ratios assumptions are based on recent claims experience of the entity and estimated short-term trends considering claims cost inflation. Health claims ratios are derived using Generalized linear models that estimate claims costs using clients data (age, gender, geographic location, etc.) and projected healthcare costs.

Assumptions - Economic assumptions (for EU and UK (re)insurance legal entities)

For the EU and UK (re)insurance legal entities, the key economic assumptions are the swap curve and the VA for discounting. The EU legal entities use the EIOPA swap curve, including the VA, while the UK legal entities match what is utilized within the UK sub-group regulatory filing. Furthermore, for Aegon UK, the MA is considered to be a key economic assumption. In addition, economic scenarios are generated that are applied for the stochastic valuation of the options and guarantees included in some of the liabilities (i.e. where options and guarantees are material).

Level of uncertainty associated with the value of the technical provisions (for EU and UK (re)insurance legal entities)

The main source of uncertainty associated with the technical provisions is in the setting of assumptions where a significant level of judgment may be required about how future experience may differ from past experiences. The assessment of the potential impact of this uncertainty is performed by sensitivity testing of key assumptions.

The Risk Margin is included in the technical provisions to allow for the uncertainty around the best estimate non-economic assumptions.

The value of the technical provisions (for EU and UK (re)insurance legal entities)

As per December 31, 2023, the technical provisions were as below:

Value of technical provisions

Non-EU and Non-UK (re)insurance legal entities on (provisional) equivalence

Non-EU and Non-UK (re)insurance legal entities which are domiciled in third-countries that are deemed (provisional) equivalent (mainly US Life insurance companies) are included via the D&A method where capital requirements are based on local regulatory requirements. The section below focuses on the most material for US insurance companies and Aegon Group.

In the United States, technical provisions are generally calculated based on locally prescribed formulas and also locally prescribed assumptions. However, there are several areas where the Company has the ability to set assumptions for statutory valuation based on its own experience, subject in all cases to certain limitations and/or approvals (including, for example, required margin for prudence over best estimate assumptions). The most material of these areas are Variable Annuities (reserving under Manual section 21 (VM-21), which has been updated in 2019), Universal Life (reserving under Actuarial Guideline 38), Long-Term Care, and individual life policies subject to Principle-Based Reserving (PBR) under Valuation Manual section 20 (VM-20) which includes Term issued since 2017 and index universal life issued since 2020.

In the US, most insurance liabilities are also subject to an annual Asset Adequacy Analysis (usually performed via cash flow testing). This analysis assesses the adequacy (appropriateness) of the statutory reserves, using own best estimate actuarial

assumptions, plus appropriate margins for prudence, and under specified interest rate scenarios. The outcome of the Asset Adequacy Analysis may lead to the requirement to hold additional reserves.

The expected near term impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic were reflected by the Americas in the mortality improvement assumption.

Ongoing validation and review processes are in place to ensure that models being used remain appropriate and can be relied upon, including model validations, and process reviews carried out by the Internal Audit Function.

Each of the US legal insurance entities has its own independent Appointed Actuary, which is responsible for setting the assumptions, including margins for adverse deviation, and calculating the technical provisions and performing the cash flow testing.

The US Actuarial Function Holder, appointed by the US board, provides at least once a year an independent opinion on adequacy and reliability of the technical provisions, including a summary of concerns and recommendations, if any. This is documented by the Actuarial Function Holder in an annual Actuarial Function Report.

D.3 A description of recoverables from reinsurance contracts, including Special Purpose Insurers (SPI) and other risk transfer mechanisms

Reinsurance contracts are contracts entered into by the Group in order to receive compensation for claims/benefits incurred on contracts written by the Group (outgoing reinsurance). Reinsurance assets are also held as part of exiting the business. For contracts transferring sufficient insurance risk, a reinsurance asset is recognized for the expected future benefits, less expected future reinsurance premiums. Reinsurance contracts with insufficient insurance risk transfer are accounted for as investment or service contracts, depending on the nature of the agreement.

As technical provisions are reported gross of reinsurance contracts, a reinsurance asset is separately identified. Aegon's recoverables from reinsurance contracts are net of material intra-group reinsurance transactions.

For EU and UK entities, Solvency II valuation of the reinsurance contracts is applied, and this is reported separately on the Solvency balance sheet. The EU legal entities apply the EU Solvency II regulation, while the UK subsidiaries match what is utilized within the UK sub-group regulatory filing. The value of a reinsurance contract is also known as the recoverable from a reinsurance contract. Reinsurance contracts are valued using a similar methodology to the technical provisions. The reinsurance cash flows are based on the nature of the reinsurance arrangements. The value of the reinsurance is measured consistently with the assumptions associated with the underlying insurance contracts and in accordance with the terms of each reinsurance contract. The value of the reinsurance contracts also allows for a best estimate default provision.

For the Non-EU and Non-UK entities, reinsurance is reflected in their technical provisions in accordance with local statutory requirements.

D.4 The valuation basis, assumptions and methods used to derive the value of other liabilities

Balance sheet items

Pension benefit obligations

Aegon follows EU-IFRS (International Accounting Standard 19) for valuing the employee benefits and obligations. The pension benefit obligation is related to the defined benefit pension plans. Under IFRS, the defined benefit obligation is based on the terms and conditions of the plan applicable on the reporting date. In measuring the defined benefit obligation, the Group uses the projected unit credit method and actuarial assumptions that represent the best estimate of future experience.

Plan assets are comprised of qualifying insurance policies and assets held by long-term employee benefit funds that can only be used to pay employee benefits under the plan and are not available to the Group's creditors. They are measured at fair value and are deducted from the defined benefit obligation in determining the amount recognized on the statement of financial position. For reimbursements by associated third parties of some or all of the expenditure required to settle a defined benefit obligation, a reimbursement asset is recognized on the basis of the present value of the related obligation, subject to any reduction required if the reimbursement is not recoverable in full.

Reference is made to note 33 'Defined benefit plans' in Aegon's 2023 Integrated Annual Report for more information on pension benefit obligations.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities

The total Deferred Tax Assets (DTA) and Deferred Tax Liabilities (DTL) amounted to EUR 753 million (2022: EUR 746 million) and EUR 538 million (2022: EUR 570 million) respectively, as reported in the Solvency balance sheet.

The calculation of deferred tax follows the provisions of International Accounting Standard 12 Income Taxes. DTA and DTL are recognized on the basis of the temporary differences between the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities in the economic balance sheet and the tax balance sheet value according to local tax regulations. A deferred tax asset or liability is calculated based on these temporary differences at the current corporate tax rate. Tax losses carried forward are recognized as deferred tax assets if their future benefit is probable. Regulations do not require discounting of deferred tax assets and liabilities.

Derivatives

Derivatives are presented at fair value based on market prices when available. Fair values for exchange-traded derivatives, principally futures and certain options, are based on quoted market prices in active markets.

When market prices are not available, other valuation techniques, such as option pricing or stochastic modelling, are applied. The valuation techniques incorporate all factors that market participants would consider, and are based on observable market data to the extent possible. Models are validated before they are used and calibrated to ensure that outputs reflect actual experience and comparable market prices.

Aegon normally mitigates counterparty default risk in derivative contracts by entering into collateral agreements where practical, and into ISDA master netting agreements for each of the Group's legal entities to facilitate Aegon's right to offset credit exposure. Changes in the fair value of derivatives attributable to changes in counterparty credit risk were not significant in 2023.

Payables

A fair value approach is prescribed, excluding the effect of changes in Aegon's own credit spread after initial recognition.

Subordinated liabilities

A fair value approach is prescribed, excluding the effect of changes in Aegon's own credit spread after initial recognition.

Other

A fair value approach is prescribed, excluding the effect of changes in Aegon's credit spread since initial recognition.

D.5 Any other material information

There is no other material information to report.

E. Capital management

Following the change in legal seat to Bermuda in September 2023, Aegon Ltd. is now regulated by the BMA. Aegon's Group Solvency ratio and surplus under the Bermuda solvency framework will be broadly in line with that under the Solvency II Regime during a transition period until the end of 2027. After the transition period, Aegon will fully adopt the Bermudian solvency framework.

For the purpose of determining Aegon's Group Solvency position, the solvency position of each related entity belonging to Aegon Group is calculated on a legal entity level. For each legal entity, the aggregation method is based on its nature and characteristics.

The illustration below provides an overview of the aggregation methods applied by Aegon to calculate Aegon's Group Solvency ratio.

Aggregation methods

Aegon calculates its Group Solvency ratio using the combination of two methods: 1. Accounting Consolidation or Method 1; and 2. Deduction and Aggregation or Method 2. Method 1 is the default method for calculating Aegon Group's Solvency ratio and method 2 is used in specific cases.

The entities aggregated by using the AC method are referred to as 'AC entities'. Aegon includes Solvency II entities, Other Financial Sector (OFS) entities and Other entities in Aegon's Group Solvency ratio calculation by applying the AC method. 'Solvency II entities' include European Economic Area (EEA) (re)insurance entities as well as ancillary service undertakings, mixed financial holding entities and insurance holding entities. The EEA insurance entities of Aegon are domiciled in the Spain & Portugal. Aegon's UK insurance subsidiaries continue to be included as 'AC entities'. Aegon Ltd.'s stake in a.s.r. is also included as 'AC entities'.

Following the end of the Brexit transition period on December 31, 2020, UK and EU prudential regulations for insurers are distinct and UK insurers are no longer directly subject to regulation under the EU's Solvency II. Aegon's UK insurance subsidiaries have been incorporated into the Aegon's Solvency calculation in accordance with UK Solvency II standards, including Aegon UK's approved Partial Internal Model.

Aegon aggregates Non-EEA and Non-UK (re)insurance entities, also referred to as 'D&A entities' on a D&A basis. The aggregation of D&A entities is performed at the level of the top regulated entity. The value and the required capital of these entities is based on local Solvency requirements where those insurance entities are domiciled in third countries deemed to be equivalent or provisionally equivalent. The US life insurance entities are the most material entities for which D&A is applied. Based on proportionality Aegon also includes certain (re)insurance entities domiciled in non-equivalent third countries through the D&A method.

Aegon Group's Own Funds are calculated net of material intra-group transactions.

Accounting consolidation method

The following applies in regard to the consolidation of Own Funds and Solvency Capital Requirement using the AC method:

Deduction and Aggregation method

For consolidation of Own Funds and Solvency Capital Requirement using the D&A method (method 2), the proportional share of Own Funds according to local regulatory rules is included in the Group Own Funds. Diversification of capital requirements is not allowed between Accounting Consolidation and Deduction & Aggregation methods.

E.1 Eligible Capital

E.1.1 A description of the capital management policy and process to determine capital needs for business planning, how capital is managed and any material changes during the reporting period

Management capital

The management of capital and liquidity is of vital importance for Aegon Group, for its customers, investors in Aegon securities and for Aegon's other stakeholders. In line with its risk tolerance, the goal of Aegon's capital and liquidity management is to promote strong and stable capital adequacy levels for its businesses, in addition to maintaining adequate liquidity to ensure that the Company is able to meet its obligations.

Aegon follows a number of guiding principles in terms of capital and liquidity management:

Aegon believes that the combination of these guiding principles strengthens the Company's ability to withstand adverse market conditions, enhances its financial flexibility, and serves both the short-term and the long-term interests of the Company, its customers and other stakeholders.

The management and monitoring of capital and liquidity is firmly embedded in Aegon's Enterprise Risk Management framework.

Material development throughout 2023