MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS ("MD&A")
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This quarterly report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements regarding our business, financial condition, and results of operations within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, or Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or Securities Exchange Act. Many of the forward-looking statements are located under the heading "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." Forward-looking statements provide current expectations of future events based on certain assumptions and include any statement that does not directly relate to any historical or current fact. Forward-looking statements can also be identified by words such as "guidance," "future," "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "expects," "growth," "intends," "plans," "predicts," "projects," "will," "would," "could," "can," "may," and similar terms. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, as forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and the Company's actual results may differ significantly due to numerous known and unknown risks and uncertainties. Those known risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the risk factors identified in the section titled "Risk Factors" in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, including without limitation risks related to the following matters: •the impact of Medicaid redeterminations across the country following the ending of the Public Health Emergency ("PHE") for the COVID-19 pandemic, including the accuracy of our projections regarding the number of members we expect to retain, their health acuity levels, and the scale of the transition of members out of the Medicaid program and the actuarially sound adjustment of rates with regard to the remaining population; •budget pressures on state governments following the ending of the PHE and reduced federal matching funds, and states' efforts to reduce rates or limit rate increases; •the constantly evolving market dynamics surrounding the Affordable Care Act ("ACA") Marketplaces, including issues impacting enrollment, special enrollment periods, member choice, risk adjustment estimates and results, Marketplace plan insolvencies or receiverships, and the potential for disproportionate enrollment of higher acuity members; •the success of our efforts to retain existing or awarded government contracts, the success of our bid submissions in response to requests for proposal, and our ability to identify merger and acquisition targets to support our continued growth over time; •the success of the scaling up of our operations inCalifornia ,Iowa ,Nebraska , andIndiana in connection with our recent request for proposal ("RFP") wins; •our ability to close, integrate, and realize benefits from acquisitions, including the acquisitions of AgeWell New York and My Choice Wisconsin; •subsequent adjustments to reported premium revenue based upon subsequent developments or new information, including changes to estimated amounts payable or receivable related to Marketplace risk adjustment; •effective management of our medical costs; •our ability to predict with a reasonable degree of accuracy utilization rates, including utilization rates associated with COVID-19; •cyber-attacks, ransomware attacks, or other privacy or data security incidents involving either ourselves or our contracted vendors that result in an inadvertent unauthorized disclosure of protected information, and the extent to which our working in a remote work environment heightens our exposure to these risks; •the ability to manage our operations, including maintaining and creating adequate internal systems and controls relating to authorizations, approvals, provider payments, and the overall success of our care management initiatives; •the impact of our transition to a permanent remote work environment, including any associated impairment charges or contract termination costs; •our receipt of adequate premium rates to support increasing pharmacy costs, including costs associated with specialty drugs and costs resulting from formulary changes that allow the option of higher-priced non-generic drugs; •our ability to operate profitably in an environment where the trend in premium rate increases lags behind the trend in increasing medical costs; •the interpretation and implementation of federal or state medical cost expenditure floors, administrative cost and profit ceilings, premium stabilization programs, profit-sharing arrangements, and risk adjustment provisions and requirements;Molina Healthcare, Inc. March 31, 2023 Form 10-Q | 19 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table of Contents •our estimates of amounts owed for such minimum annual medical loss ratio ("Minimum MLR"), administrative cost and profit ceilings, premium stabilization programs, profit-sharing arrangements, and risk adjustment provisions and requirements; •the Medicaid expansion medical cost corridor, and any other retroactive adjustment to revenue where methodologies and procedures are subject to interpretation or dependent upon information about the health status of participants other than Molina members; •the interpretation and implementation of at-risk premium rules and state contract performance requirements regarding the achievement of certain quality measures, and our ability to recognize revenue amounts associated therewith; •the success and continuance of programs inCalifornia ,Illinois ,Michigan ,Ohio ,South Carolina , andTexas serving those dually eligible for both Medicaid and Medicare; •the accurate estimation of incurred but not reported or paid medical costs across our health plans; •efforts by states to recoup previously paid and recognized premium amounts; •changes in our annual effective tax rate, due to federal and/or state legislation, or changes in our mix of earnings and other factors; •the efficient and effective operations of the vendors on whom our business relies; •complications, member confusion, eligibility redeterminations, or enrollment backlogs related to the renewal of Medicaid coverage; •fraud, waste and abuse matters, government audits or reviews, comment letters, or potential investigations, and any fine, sanction, enrollment freeze, corrective action plan, monitoring program, or premium recovery that may result therefrom; •the success of our providers, including delegated providers, the adequacy of our provider networks, the successful maintenance of relations with our providers, and the potential loss of providers; •approval by state regulators of dividends and distributions by our health plan subsidiaries; •changes in funding under our contracts as a result of regulatory changes, programmatic adjustments, or other reforms; •high dollar claims related to catastrophic illness; •the resolution of litigation, arbitration, or administrative proceedings; •the greater scale and revenues of our health plans inCalifornia , NewYork, Ohio ,Texas , andWashington , and risks related to the concentration of our business in those states; •the failure to comply with the financial or other covenants in our credit agreement or the indentures governing our outstanding senior notes; •the availability of adequate financing on acceptable terms to fund and capitalize our expansion and growth, repay our outstanding indebtedness at maturity, and meet our general liquidity needs; •the failure of a state in which we operate to renew its federal Medicaid waiver; •changes generally affecting the managed care industry, including any new federal or state legislation that impacts the business space in which we operate; •increases in government surcharges, taxes, and assessments; •the impact of inflation on our medical costs and the cost of refinancing our outstanding indebtedness; •the unexpected loss of the leadership of one or more of our senior executives; and •increasing competition and consolidation in the Medicaid industry. Each of the terms "Molina Healthcare, Inc. " "Molina Healthcare ," "Company," "we," "our," and "us," as used herein, refers collectively toMolina Healthcare, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, unless otherwise stated. The Company assumes no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason, except as required by law. Readers should refer to the section entitled "Risk Factors" in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, for a discussion of certain risk factors that could materially affect our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations. Given these risks and uncertainties, we can give no assurance that any results or events projected or contemplated by our forward-looking statements will in fact occur. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and the notes to those statements appearing elsewhere in this report, and the audited financial statements and Management's Discussion and Analysis appearing in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.Molina Healthcare, Inc. March 31, 2023 Form 10-Q | 20
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OVERVIEW
managed healthcare services under the Medicaid and Medicare programs, and
through the state insurance marketplaces (the "Marketplace"). We served
approximately 5.3 million members as of
states.
FIRST QUARTER 2023 HIGHLIGHTS
We reported net income of
first quarter of 2023, which reflected the following:
•Membership increased 181,000, or 4%, compared withMarch 31, 2022 , and increased sequentially by 8,000 compared toDecember 31, 2022 ; •Premium revenue of$7.9 billion increased 5% compared with the first quarter of 2022, reflecting the increased organic membership in Medicaid and Medicare, and the impact of acquisitions, partially offset by the impact of expected attrition in Marketplace membership; •Consolidated medical care ratio ("MCR") was 87.1%, consistent with the first quarter of 2022, which we believe demonstrates continued strong operating performance; •General and administrative expense ("G&A") ratio of 7.2%, which improved compared with 7.4% in the first quarter of 2022, reflecting the benefits of scale produced by our increase in revenue and disciplined cost management; and •After-tax margin of 3.9%, which was in line with our expectations.Molina Healthcare, Inc. March 31, 2023 Form 10-Q | 21 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL SUMMARY
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 2022 (In millions, except per-share amounts) Premium revenue $ 7,885$ 7,531 Less: medical care costs 6,871 6,563 Medical margin 1,014 968 MCR (1) 87.1 % 87.1 % Other revenues: Premium tax revenue 172 208 Investment income 71 11 Other revenue 21 20 General and administrative expenses 591 571 G&A ratio (2) 7.2 % 7.4 % Premium tax expenses 172 208 Depreciation and amortization 44 40 Other 16 16 Operating income 455 372 Interest expense 28 28 Income before income tax expense 427 344 Income tax expense 106 86 Net income $ 321$ 258 Net income per share - Diluted $ 5.52$ 4.39 Diluted weighted average shares outstanding 58.0 58.7 Other Key Statistics Ending membership 5.3 5.1 Effective income tax rate 25.0 % 25.0 % After-tax margin (3) 3.9 % 3.3 % ________________________ (1) MCR represents medical care costs as a percentage of premium revenue. (2) G&A ratio represents general and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenue. (3) After-tax margin represents net income as a percentage of total revenue. CONSOLIDATED RESULTS
NET INCOME AND OPERATING INCOME
Net income in the first quarter of 2023 amounted to$321 million , or$5.52 per diluted share, compared with$258 million , or$4.39 per diluted share, in the first quarter of 2022. The 24% increase in net income is consistent with the improvement in operating income, which increased to$455 million in the first quarter of 2023, compared with$372 million in the first quarter of 2022.
The improvement in operating income was mainly due to membership growth that
drove higher premium revenues, and medical margin, and increased investment
income.
PREMIUM REVENUE
Premium revenue increased$354 million , or 5%, in the first quarter of 2023, when compared with the first quarter of 2022. The higher premium revenue reflects increased organic membership in the Medicaid and Medicare segments and the impact of our recent acquisitions, partially offset by a decline in the Marketplace segment.Molina Healthcare, Inc. March 31, 2023 Form 10-Q | 22 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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MEDICAL CARE RATIO
The consolidated MCR in the first quarter of 2023 was 87.1%, and was consistent
with the first quarter of 2022. The Medicaid and Medicare MCRs increased
slightly, while the Marketplace MCR decreased.
The prior year reserve development in the first quarter of 2023 was favorable, but its impact on earnings was mostly absorbed by minimum MLRs and medical cost corridors.
PREMIUM TAX REVENUE AND EXPENSES
The premium tax ratio (premium tax expense as a percentage of premium revenue plus premium tax revenue) was 2.1% and 2.7% for the first quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively. The current year ratio decrease was mainly due to changes in business mix. INVESTMENT INCOME
Investment income increased to
compared with
increase in interest rates and, to a lesser extent, higher levels of invested
assets.
OTHER REVENUE Other revenue amounted to$21 million in the first quarter of 2023, compared with$20 million in the first quarter of 2022. Other revenue mainly includes service revenue associated with long-term services and supports consultative services we provide inWisconsin .
G&A EXPENSES
The G&A expense ratio was 7.2% in the first quarter of 2023, compared with 7.4% in the first quarter of 2022, mainly reflecting the benefits of scale produced by our increase in revenue and continued disciplined cost management, net of deployment costs for new business implementation associated with our recent contract wins that will start in mid-2023 andJanuary 2024 .
DEPRECIATION AND AMORTIZATION
Depreciation and amortization increased to$44 million in the first quarter of 2023, compared with$40 million in the first quarter of 2022, due primarily to amortization associated with the AgeWell acquisition completed in the fourth quarter of 2022. OTHER OPERATING EXPENSES Other operating expenses totaled$16 million in the first quarter of 2023 and were consistent with the first quarter of 2022. Other operating expenses mainly include service costs associated with long-term services and supports consultative services we provide inWisconsin , as noted above.
INTEREST EXPENSE
Interest expense totaled
consistent with the first quarter of 2022.
INCOME TAXES
Income tax expense amounted to
25.0% of pretax income, compared with income tax expense of
25.0% of pretax income in the first quarter of 2022.
TRENDS AND UNCERTAINTIES COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Federal Economic Stabilization and Other Programs
OnJanuary 30, 2023 , theBiden Administration issued a Statement of Administration Policy declaring its intent to end the PHE onMay 11, 2023 . While the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2023 decoupled Medicaid eligibility redeterminations from the PHE, there are several other healthcare programs tied to the PHE which will be impacted by this change in policy. These include coverage of COVID-19 testing and vaccines, changes to the Medicare fee schedule for COVID-related treatments, and free coverage of at-home COVID-19 diagnostic tests. Upon the end of the PHE onMay 11, 2023 , per federal statutory and regulatory requirements, some of these policies will end immediately, some will continue for the rest of 2023 or through 2024, and some will remain in place permanently.Molina Healthcare, Inc. March 31, 2023 Form 10-Q | 23
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Operations
Enrollment and Premium Revenue
Excluding acquisitions and our exit fromPuerto Rico , we added approximately 800,000 new Medicaid members sinceMarch 31, 2020 , when we first began to report on the impacts of the pandemic. We believe this membership increase was mainly due to the suspension of redeterminations for Medicaid eligibility. The recently passed Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2023 authorizes states to resume redeterminations and terminate coverage for ineligible enrollees starting onApril 1, 2023 , irrespective of the status of the PHE. Consequently, Medicaid enrollment continued to benefit from the pause on membership redeterminations throughMarch 31, 2023 , and then is expected to decline as states resume normal enrollment and renewal operations onApril 1, 2023 . We expect to retain approximately half the membership gained sinceMarch 31, 2020 through a variety of well-established operational protocols where allowed.
OTHER RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Indiana Procurement-Medicaid. InMarch 2023 , we announced that theIndiana Department of Administration has recommended that contract negotiations begin with ourIndiana health plan. Under the proposed contract with theIndiana Family and Social Services Administration ("FSSA"), we are expected to provide risk-based managed care long term services and supports as part of theIndiana Pathways for Aging LTSS program pursuant to the request for proposal issued by FSSA inFebruary 2022 . The new contract is expected to have an initial four-year term, with the potential for two one-year renewal terms.
For a discussion of additional segment trends, uncertainties and other
developments, refer to our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, "Item 1.
Business-Our Business," and "-Legislative and Political Environment."
REPORTABLE SEGMENTS
As ofMarch 31, 2023 , we served approximately 5.3 million members eligible for Medicaid, Medicare, and other government-sponsored healthcare programs for low-income families and individuals, including Marketplace members, most of whom receive government premium subsidies.
We currently have 4 reportable segments consisting of: 1) Medicaid; 2) Medicare;
3) Marketplace; and 4) Other.
The Medicaid, Medicare, and Marketplace segments represent the government-funded or sponsored programs under which we offer managed healthcare services. The Other segment, which is insignificant to our consolidated results of operations, includes long-term services and supports consultative services inWisconsin .
HOW WE ASSESS PERFORMANCE
We derive our revenues primarily from health insurance premiums. Our primary
customers are state Medicaid agencies and the federal government.
The key metrics used to assess the performance of our Medicaid, Medicare, and Marketplace segments are premium revenue, medical margin and medical care ratio ("MCR"). MCR represents the amount of medical care costs as a percentage of premium revenue. Therefore, the underlying medical margin, or the amount earned by the Medicaid, Medicare, and Marketplace segments after medical costs are deducted from premium revenue, represents the most important measure of earnings reviewed by management, and is used by our chief executive officer to review results, assess performance, and allocate resources. The key metric used to assess the performance of our Other segment is service margin. The service margin is equal to service revenue minus cost of service revenue.
Management's discussion and analysis of the change in medical margin is
discussed below under "Segment Financial Performance." For more information, see
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 8, "Segments."
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SEGMENT MEMBERSHIP
The following table sets forth our membership by segment as of the dates indicated: March 31, December 31, March 31, 2023 2022 2022 Medicaid 4,834,000 4,754,000 4,566,000 Medicare 161,000 156,000 148,000 Marketplace 271,000 348,000 371,000 Total 5,266,000 5,258,000 5,085,000
SEGMENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
The following table summarizes premium revenue, medical margin, and MCR by
segment for the periods indicated (dollars in millions):
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 2022 Premium Medical Premium Medical Revenue Margin MCR Revenue Margin MCR Medicaid$ 6,349 $ 734 88.4 %$ 5,980 $ 710 88.1 % Medicare 1,046 126 88.0 943 128 86.5 Marketplace 490 154 68.6 608 130 78.6 Total$ 7,885 $ 1,014 87.1 %$ 7,531 $ 968 87.1 % Medicaid Medicaid premium revenue increased$369 million , or 6%, in the first quarter of 2023, when compared with the first quarter of 2022. The increase was mainly due to organic membership growth and the impact from the AgeWell acquisition that closed in the fourth quarter of 2022, partially offset by the impact of minimum MLR and medical cost corridors. Excluding the AgeWell acquisition, membership growth was across several states and was mainly driven by the extension of the PHE period and the associated suspension of membership redeterminations due to COVID-19. The medical margin in our Medicaid program increased$24 million , or 3%, in the first quarter of 2023 when compared with the first quarter of 2022. The increase was driven by increased premium revenues and margin associated with the membership growth discussed above, partially offset by an increase in the MCR. The Medicaid MCR increased to 88.4% in the first quarter of 2023, from 88.1% in the first quarter of 2022, or 30 basis points. The increase was mainly attributable to certain state rate actions and retrospective premium adjustments, and changes in business mix, partially offset by improved operations, including medical cost management. The Medicaid MCR for the first quarter of 2023 is consistent with our long-term target range.
Medicare
Medicare premium revenue increased$103 million , or 11%, in the first quarter of 2023 when compared to the first quarter of 2022. The increase was primarily due to the impact of MAPD and D-SNP membership expansion, including organic membership growth in existing states. The medical margin for Medicare decreased$2 million in the first quarter of 2023, when compared with the first quarter of 2022, mainly due to the increase in MCR discussed below, partially offset by the increase in premium revenues. The Medicare MCR increased to 88.0% in the first quarter of 2023, from 86.5% in the first quarter of 2022, or 150 basis points. The increase was primarily driven by higher non-COVID utilization and the impact of lower risk-adjusted premiums associated with first year MAPD members, partially offset by higher risk scores on renewing members that more closely reflect the acuity of our membership, and strong medical cost management. The Medicare MCR for the first quarter of 2023 is within our long-term target range.Molina Healthcare, Inc. March 31, 2023 Form 10-Q | 25 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Marketplace
Marketplace premium revenue in the first quarter of 2023 decreased$118 million , compared with the first quarter of 2022, mainly due to an expected reduction in membership, partially offset by an increase in premium revenue PMPM. Our Marketplace membership as ofMarch 31, 2023 amounted to 271,000 members, representing a decline of 77,000 members compared toDecember 31, 2022 , which is in line with our product and pricing strategy to achieve our target margins in this segment. The increase in premium revenue PMPM is consistent with the product and pricing strategy.
The Marketplace medical margin increased
2023, when compared with the first quarter of 2022, primarily due to the
decrease in the MCR discussed below, partially offset by the decrease in
membership and premiums.
The Marketplace MCR decreased to 68.6% in the first quarter of 2023, from 78.6% in the first quarter of 2022. The decrease resulted mainly from our product and pricing strategy to achieve our target margins and a favorable change in the 2022 risk adjustment payable, partially offset by changes in membership mix discussed above. Our first quarter Marketplace MCR was significantly below full year expectations, but consistent with seasonality patterns. Silver metal tier products incur less MCR seasonality than bronze metal tier products due to lower deductibles. Other The Other segment includes service revenues and costs associated with long-term services and supports consultative services we provide inWisconsin , and also includes certain corporate amounts not allocated to the Medicaid, Medicare, or Marketplace segments. Such amounts were immaterial to our consolidated results of operations in the first quarters of 2023 and 2022, respectively.
LIQUIDITY AND FINANCIAL CONDITION
LIQUIDITY
We manage our cash, investments, and capital structure to meet the short- and long-term obligations of our business while maintaining liquidity and financial flexibility. We forecast, analyze, and monitor our cash flows to enable prudent investment management and financing within the confines of our financial strategy. We maintain liquidity at two levels: 1) the regulated health plan subsidiaries; and 2) the parent company. Our regulated subsidiaries generate significant cash flows from premium revenue, which is generally received a short time before related healthcare services are paid. Premium revenue is our primary source of liquidity. Thus, any decline in the receipt of premium revenue, and our profitability, could have a negative impact on our liquidity. A majority of the assets held by our regulated health plan subsidiaries is in the form of cash, cash equivalents, and investments. When available and as permitted by applicable regulations, cash in excess of the capital needs of our regulated health plan subsidiaries is generally paid in the form of dividends to our parent company to be used for general corporate purposes. In the three months endedMarch 31, 2023 , the parent company received$100 million in dividends and return of capital from the regulated health plan subsidiaries. See further discussion of dividends below in "Future Sources and Uses of Liquidity-Future Sources." The parent company may also contribute capital to the regulated health plan subsidiaries to satisfy minimum statutory net worth requirements, including funding for newer health plans. In the three months endedMarch 31, 2023 , the parent company contributed capital in the aggregate amount of$16 million , to certain of the regulated health plan subsidiaries. Cash, cash equivalents and investments at the parent company amounted to$283 million and$375 million as ofMarch 31, 2023 , andDecember 31, 2022 , respectively. The decrease as ofMarch 31, 2023 , was primarily due to the timing of corporate payments and capital contributions to regulated health plan subsidiaries, partially offset by dividends received from regulated health plan subsidiaries. Investments After considering expected cash flows from operating activities, we generally invest cash of regulated subsidiaries that exceeds our expected short-term obligations in longer term, investment-grade, and marketable debt securities to improve our overall investment return. These investments are made pursuant to board-approved investment policies which conform to applicable state laws and regulations.Molina Healthcare, Inc. March 31, 2023 Form 10-Q | 26
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Our investment policies are designed to provide liquidity, preserve capital, and maximize total return on invested assets, all in a manner consistent with state requirements that prescribe the types of instruments in which our subsidiaries may invest. These investment policies require that our investments have final maturities of less than 15 years, or less than 15 years average life for structured securities. Professional portfolio managers operating under documented guidelines manage our investments and a portion of our cash equivalents. Our portfolio managers must obtain our prior approval before selling investments where the loss position of those investments exceeds certain levels.
The overall rating of our portfolio remains strong and is rated A+. Our
investment policy has directives in conjunction with state guidelines to
minimize risks and exposures in volatile markets. Additionally, our portfolio
managers assist us in navigating volatility in the capital markets.
Our restricted investments are invested principally in cash, cash equivalents,U.S. Treasury securities, and corporate debt securities; we have the ability to hold such restricted investments until maturity. All of our unrestricted investments are classified as current assets.
Cash Flow Activities
Our cash flows are summarized as follows:
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 2022 Change (In millions) Net cash provided by operating activities$ 916 $ 363 $ 553 Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities (302) 74 (376) Net cash used in financing activities (65) (77) 12 Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents$ 549 $ 360 $ 189 Operating Activities We typically receive capitation payments monthly, in advance of payments for medical claims; however, government payors may adjust their payment schedules, positively or negatively impacting our reported cash flows from operating activities in any given period. For example, government payors may delay our premium payments, or they may prepay the following month's premium payment. Net cash provided by operations for the three months endedMarch 31, 2023 was$916 million , compared with$363 million in the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 . The$553 million increase in cash flow was due to the net impact of timing differences in government receivables and payables and the growth in operations and net earnings. Investing Activities Net cash used in investing activities was$302 million in the three months endedMarch 31, 2023 , compared with$74 million cash provided by investing activities in the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 , a decrease in cash flow of$376 million . This decrease in cash flow was primarily due to the net activity of proceeds and purchases of investments in the three months endedMarch 31, 2023 .
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities was$65 million in the three months endedMarch 31, 2023 , compared with$77 million used in the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 , an increase in cash flow of$12 million . In the three months endedMarch 31, 2023 , financing cash outflows included$58 million for common stock withheld to settle employee tax obligations. In the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 , financing cash outflows included$52 million for common stock withheld to settle employee tax obligations. Additionally, we paid$20 million in the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 , to settle contingent consideration liabilities.
FINANCIAL CONDITION
We believe that our cash resources, borrowing capacity available under the Credit Agreement as discussed further below in "Future Sources and Uses of Liquidity-Future Sources," and internally generated funds will be sufficient to support our operations, regulatory requirements, debt repayment obligations and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months.Molina Healthcare, Inc. March 31, 2023 Form 10-Q | 27 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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On a consolidated basis, atMarch 31, 2023 , our working capital was$3.5 billion , compared with$3.2 billion atDecember 31, 2022 . AtMarch 31, 2023 , our cash and investments amounted to$8.6 billion , compared with$7.7 billion atDecember 31, 2022 . A significant portion of our portfolio is held in cash and cash equivalents and we do not anticipate the fluctuations in the aggregate fair value of our financial assets to have a material impact on our liquidity or capital position since we intend to hold our securities to maturity. Net unrealized losses on our investments classified as current and available for sale decreased to$164 million atMarch 31, 2023 compared to$210 million atDecember 31, 2022 . We have determined that the unrealized losses primarily resulted from fluctuating interest rates, rather than a deterioration of the creditworthiness of the issuers.
Each of our regulated, wholly owned subsidiaries must maintain a minimum amount of statutory capital determined by statute or regulations. Such statutes, regulations and capital requirements also restrict the timing, payment and amount of dividends and other distributions, loans or advances that may be paid to us as the sole stockholder. To the extent our subsidiaries must comply with these regulations, they may not have the financial flexibility to transfer funds to us. Based upon current statutes and regulations, the minimum capital and surplus requirement for these subsidiaries was estimated to be approximately$2.2 billion atMarch 31, 2023 , compared with$2.3 billion atDecember 31, 2022 . The aggregate capital and surplus of our regulated, wholly owned subsidiaries was in excess of these minimum capital requirements as of both dates. Under applicable regulatory requirements, the amount of dividends that may be paid by our regulated, wholly owned subsidiaries without prior approval by regulatory authorities as ofMarch 31, 2023 , was approximately$270 million in the aggregate. These subsidiaries may pay dividends over this amount, but only after approval is granted by the regulatory authorities. Based on our cash and investments balances as ofMarch 31, 2023 , management believes that our regulated, wholly owned subsidiaries remain well capitalized and exceed their regulatory minimum requirements. We have the ability, and have committed to provide, additional capital to each of our health plans as necessary to ensure compliance with statutory capital and surplus requirements.
Debt Ratings
Each of our senior notes is rated "BB-" by
our borrowing capacity and increase our future borrowing costs.
Financial Covenants
The Credit Agreement contains customary non-financial and financial covenants, including a net leverage ratio and an interest coverage ratio. Such ratios are computed as defined by the terms of the Credit Agreement. In addition, the indentures governing each of our outstanding senior notes contain cross-default provisions that are triggered upon default by us or any of our subsidiaries on any indebtedness in excess of the amount specified in the applicable indenture. As ofMarch 31, 2023 , we were in compliance with all financial and non-financial covenants under the Credit Agreement and the indentures governing our senior notes.
FUTURE SOURCES AND USES OF LIQUIDITY
Future Sources
Our regulated subsidiaries generate significant cash flows from premium revenue, which is generally received a short time before related healthcare services are paid. Premium revenue is our primary source of liquidity. Thus, any decline in the receipt of premium revenue, and our profitability, could have a negative impact on our liquidity. Potential Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic. Excluding acquisitions and our exit fromPuerto Rico , we added approximately 800,000 new Medicaid members sinceMarch 31, 2020 , when we first began to report on the impacts of the pandemic. We believe this membership increase was mainly due to the suspension of redeterminations for Medicaid eligibility. The recently passed Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2023 authorizes states to resume redeterminations and terminate coverage for ineligible enrollees starting onApril 1, 2023 , irrespective of the status of the PHE. Consequently, Medicaid enrollment continued to benefit from the pause on membership redeterminations throughMarch 31, 2023 , and then is expected to decline as states resume normal enrollment and renewal operations onApril 1, 2023 . We expect to retain approximately half the membership gained sinceMarch 31, 2020 through a variety of well-established operational protocols where allowed. Dividends from Subsidiaries. When available and as permitted by applicable regulations, cash in excess of the capital needs of our regulated health plans is generally paid in the form of dividends to our unregulated parent company to be used for general corporate purposes.Molina Healthcare, Inc. March 31, 2023 Form 10-Q | 28 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Credit Agreement Borrowing Capacity. As ofMarch 31, 2023 , we had available borrowing capacity of$1 billion under the revolving credit facility of our Credit Agreement. In addition, the Credit Agreement provides for a$15 million swingline sub-facility and a$100 million letter of credit sub-facility, as well as incremental term loans available to finance certain acquisitions up to$500 million , plus an unlimited amount of such term loans as long as our consolidated net leverage ratio is not greater than a defined maximum. See further discussion in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 7, "Debt." Future Uses Common Stock Purchases. InNovember 2022 , our board of directors authorized the purchase of up to$500 million , in the aggregate, of our common stock. This new program, which superseded the stock purchase program approved by our board of directors inSeptember 2021 , will be funded with cash on hand and extends throughDecember 31, 2023 . The exact timing and amount of any repurchase is determined by management based on market conditions and share price, in addition to other factors, and subject to the restrictions relating to volume, price, and timing under applicable law. As ofMarch 31, 2023 ,$300 million remained available to purchase our common stock under this program throughDecember 31, 2023 . Acquisitions. OnJuly 13, 2022 , we announced a definitive agreement to acquire substantially all the assets of My Choice Wisconsin ("MCW"). The purchase price for the transaction is approximately$150 million , net of expected tax benefits and required regulatory capital, which we intend to fund with cash on hand. The transaction is subject to receipt of applicable federal and state regulatory approvals, and the satisfaction of other customary closing conditions. We currently expect the transaction to close in mid-2023.
Regulatory Capital Requirements. We have the ability, and have committed to
provide, additional capital to each of our health plans as necessary to ensure
compliance with statutory capital and surplus requirements.
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
A summary of future obligations under our various contractual obligations and commitments as ofDecember 31, 2022 , was disclosed in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There were no significant changes to our contractual obligations and commitments outside the ordinary course of business during the three months endedMarch 31, 2023 .
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
When we prepare our consolidated financial statements, we use estimates based on assumptions that may affect reported amounts and disclosures; actual results could differ from these estimates. Our critical accounting estimates relate to: •Medical claims and benefits payable. Refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 6, "Medical Claims and Benefits Payable," for a table that presents the components of the change in medical claims and benefits payable, and for additional information regarding the factors used to determine our changes in estimates for all periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Other than the discussion as noted above, in the three months endedMarch 31, 2023 there were no significant changes to our disclosure reported in "Critical Accounting Estimates" in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
•Contractual provisions that may adjust or limit revenue or profit. For a
discussion of this topic, including amounts recorded in our consolidated
financial statements, refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note
2, "Significant Accounting Policies."
•Quality incentives. In the three months ended
significant changes to our disclosure reported in "Critical Accounting
Estimates" in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
•Business combinations, goodwill, and intangible assets, net. In the three months endedMarch 31, 2023 , there were no significant changes to our disclosure reported in "Critical Accounting Estimates" in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.Molina Healthcare, Inc. March 31, 2023 Form 10-Q | 29
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