House Financial Services Subcommittee Issues Testimony From Hope Policy Institute VP Burt
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HOPE, (
HOPE draws data and expertise from its work to increase access to affordable financial services for communities that are often underserved and over-looked. HOPE branches are located in areas with less public, private and philanthropic investment, with 86% of its branches located in counties where the majority of the residents are Black. A third of HOPE's 23 branches are located in persistent poverty counties, and one out of five are located in towns situated in the
Rural Regions of Persistent Poverty Suffer from Systemic Underinvestment, Particularly Areas Home to Populations Where the Majority of People Are People of Color Records from the
Persistent poverty is predominantly rural.
Of the country's 377 persistent poverty counties, where the rate of poverty has exceeded 20% for thirty years in a row, eight out of ten counties and parishes are non-metro.2 Persistent poverty counties are also home to a diverse cross-section of people. In fact, the majority (60%) of people living in these places are people of color. Four out of ten persistent poverty counties are places where the majority of people who reside in the counties are people of color.3 Additionally, the
One natural consequence of this trend is that the Deep South is home to the highest rates of unbanked households in the country. Even though nationally, the unbanked rate is the lowest it has been since the Great Recession (4.5%), households led by persons of color are more likely to be unbanked in the Deep South (14.4%). More specifically, less than a quarter (22%) of Black households in
Table 1: 2021 Unbanked Rates for Deep South States by Race and Rural Households
For rural communities, particularly communities of color, the dearth of financial institutions presents a significant barrier to homeownership and broader economic opportunity. Three-quarters of the 158 counties nationwide that have household unbanked/underbanked rates at 1.5 times the national average are persistent poverty counties.10 For these communities, the opportunities to become first time homeowners, access capital for home improvements, or refinancing are simply not available through mainstream financial institutions. Conversely, as the availability of bank branches increases, the cost of mortgages decreases meaning that communities with access to banking have access to not only mortgage products but affordable mortgage products.11
Closing the Racial Wealth Gap through Homeownership
Homeownership is critical for wealth generation. Each additional year of homeownership increases a household's total net worth an average of
The wealth gap remains a significant contributor to the homeownership gap. The median wealth of a White household is
Table 2: Homeownership Rates in the Deep South by Race
One major contributor to the gap in homeownership includes uneven access to mortgage loans. Loan denial rates illustrate the failure of financial institutions to ensure fair lending. In 2021, the percent of loan originations for Black borrowers in Deep South states substantially trailed the percent of population represented. The denial rate for black borrowers in the Deep South earning more than
Down payment assistance is critical to closing homeownership gaps
One policy strategy for advancing homeownership among people of color includes the funding of down payment assistance programs. Studies show that housing tenure and the wealth of parents are principal contributors to the acquisition of a home. Down payment assistance programs narrow racial gaps in access to family wealth that have been exacerbated by historical factors.19
HOPE has experienced the positive effects of down payment assistance programs in the advancement of homeownership opportunities among people of color through Neighborhood LIFT, a partnership with
One promising approach for targeting down payment assistance includes a focus on first generation homeowners.
Banks and credit unions must offer products that meet the unique needs of people living in rural persistent poverty communities - the secondary market must support them HOPE offers an in-house mortgage product, the Affordable Housing Program (AHP), designed to address systemic obstacles for potential homebuyers lacking a down payment. Through the AHP, mortgages are manually underwritten, and nontraditional indicators of credit repayment history are considered. The product also discounts deferred student debt, does not require mortgage insurance, and accepts credit scores as low as 580.21 The credit score is of significance. Borrowers in rural areas are much less likely to have the credit scores typically required from banks to qualify for affordable mortgages than their counterparts in urban areas.22 Also, of critical importance, the AHP allows for a loan-to-value (LTV) of 100% - eliminating down payment barriers.
From 2016 - 2020, HOPE has closed 970 mortgages for
Despite this success in expanding homeownership among Black borrowers, the
Streamline access to pandemic relief programs across the states to protect homeowners
The
Invest in CDFIs and Minority Depositories with Long
Partnerships with CDFIs with long track records of reaching underserved communities and communities of color will ensure federal resources reach people and places most in need. CDFIs, long on the front lines of meeting the financial needs of underserved communities, continue to serve as important drivers of economic mobility in rural economies and among people of color. For decades, CDFIs in some of the most economically distressed regions of the country have been addressing the employment and housing, banking and infrastructure needs of local people and places. They also model solutions that work and can be brought to scale with either increased investment or replication by other actors in the financial system.
Despite evidence of success by CDFIs located in and reaching the most economically distressed communities, resource gaps exist. For example, even though minority-led CDFIs have performed better in reaching minority communities, which often have the greatest need for financial services, these CDFIs have historically had the least amount of resources to do this work. Over the last 15 years, white-led CDFIs have had a median asset size of twice that of minority-led CDFIs. In some years, it has been three times as high.23 While CDFIs are mandated to serve low-income communities, this alone has not been sufficient to ensure CDFI lending reaches into communities of color.
Stark examples of this deficiency are evident in
The
Incentivize the stacking of federal resources to rebuild the housing stock in rural communities
Throughout the Delta and Southern Black Belt, there are countless housing developments, in need of updates and repairs. In 2015, after opening a branch in
Anchored by a grant from
Such an approach is one that could be replicated through partnerships between the
Expand Accountability among Financial Institutions to Ensure Equitable Access to Capital and Services
Stronger tracking and reporting mechanisms are needed to expand inclusion in LIHTC program
The Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program is one of the primary tools used by HOPE to expand the supply of high quality rental housing in rural persistent poverty counties throughout its footprint. In total, HOPE has closed 78 permanent loans to LIHTC developments for
While the outcomes are positive, one ongoing challenge remains in the consistent lack of allocations to Black housing developers. Across HOPE's five state region, there are active LIHTC developers that receive allocations year after year. There is not a single Black developer receiving frequent and consistent awards. In light of the disparities,
An examination of the
Strengthen the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) to ensure greater equity in financial service industry among mainstream financial institutions
Traditional banks, by far, have the greatest ability to invest in ways that close the financial services gap, both directly and through investment in CDFIs. 25One mechanism to facilitate increased investment in underserved markets by mainstream banks is through the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA), both in providing banking services to individuals as well as financing for things like affordable housing and economic development in low-income communities. At the same time, the CRA has its limits. If a bank has no physical presence in a region, then it is not held accountable for reinvesting there. As a result, entire regions, such as rural communities in and outside of the Deep South, often lie out of reach of the CRA's incentives. Another limitation, as currently structured, is that the CRA does not reach its full potential in the incorporation of race in its evaluation of bank performance; even though it was enacted to address banks' racially, discriminatory redlining practices. Currently, more than 98% of banks pass their CRA exam, despite the glaring racial and economic inequities in the banking system.
While recent changes implemented by the federal bank regulators represented a step in the right direction, the new rules remain silent on race specific metrics. Additionally, the large bank focus of the rules meant many of the banks serving rural, persistent poverty counties would not be held accountable for making CRA loans and investments and the provision of CRA services. Such limits underscore the need for comprehensive CRA reform that results in a significantly strengthened rule resulting in increased bank lending, services and investment - as much as three fold - in low-income communities and communities of color. In addition to increasing the amount of bank activity, a reformed CRA must also ensure banks are held accountable for investing in people and communities of color that have both been historically underserved and divested of their resources.26 Communities in America's Black Belt have long endured persistent poverty and its associated systemic challenges. However, these communities and the institutions that serve them have demonstrated the expertise and skill to solve and circumvent the effects of race and place, most often with significantly fewer resources than other parts of the country. CDFIs with track records of reaching and working in partnership with communities of color and rural communities model solutions that work. With adequate resources supporting these institutions, and increased commitment by others to do the same, it is possible to ensure prosperity and mobility in the most economically distressed communities in America's rural persistent poverty counties.
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Footnotes:
1
2 George, L., Wiley, K. (2022). "Rural Research Brief. The Persistence of Poverty in
3 Partners for Rural Transformation (2019). "Transforming Persistent Poverty in America: How Community Development Financial Institutions Drive Economic Opportunity". https://fahe.org/wp-content/uploads/Policy-Paper-PRT-FINAL-11-14-19.pdf
4 George, L., Wiley, K. (2022). "The Persistence of Poverty in
5 Partners for Rural Transformation (2019). "Transforming Persistent Poverty in America: How Community Development Financial Institutions Drive Economic Opportunity". https://fahe.org/wp-content/uploads/Policy-Paper-PRT-FINAL-11-14-19.pdf
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10 Partners for Rural Transformation (2019). "Transforming Persistent Poverty in America: How Community Development Financial Institutions Drive Economic Opportunity". https://fahe.org/wp-content/uploads/Policy-Paper-PRT-FINAL-11-14-19.pdf
11 Ergungor,
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15 Shapiro, T.,
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18 Hirt, Mary. Homeownership and Racial Disparity in the Southeast. Spring 2018. https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/59976/mary_hirt_homeownership_and_racial_wealth_disparity_in_the_southeast.pdf
19 Shapiro, T.,
20 Choi, J.H & Ratcliffe, J. (2021). "Down Payment Assistance Focused on First-Generation Buyers Could Help Millions Access the Benefits of Homeownership".
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23 Kiyadh Burt, "Analyzing the CDFI Asset Gap: Analyzing the CDFI Asset Gap: Examining Racial Disparities in
24 Emergency Rental Assistance Insights from the Southeast.
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View tables at: https://financialservices.house.gov/uploadedfiles/hhrg-117-ba04-wstate-burtk-20221115.pdf
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