Greater Protections Needed for the Elderly Against Psychotropic Drug and Electroshock Use

LOS ANGELES, June 21, 2017 /PRNewswire/ -- Following a United Nations Health report this month that recommends mental health care moving away from the biomedical model, CCHR reviews the U.S. plan to reduce the 1 in 5 elderly in nursing homes being drugged with antipsychotics while tens of thousands are also electroshocked. The group is calling for more protections for the elderly.

The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) published a study on June 15, 2017 reporting on the progress of the U.S. plan launched by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) in 2012 to reduce antipsychotic drug use in nursing home residents.[1] There has been a 33 percent relative reduction (from 23.9 to 16.0 percent) in the prevalence of antipsychotic use among long-term nursing home residents over the past five years.[2] However, the mental health industry watchdog, Citizens Commission on Human Rights International (CCHR), said that with an estimated 270,000 nursing home residents still potentially given antipsychotics, usually to suppress behavior issues that can go with Alzheimer's disease and dementia, greater initiative and protections are needed.[3] CCHR is also concerned by figures released by Medicare, the primary source of insurance coverage for individuals over the age of 65 that show more than 125,500 ECT treatments were delivered in one year.[4]

Federal law prohibits the use of antipsychotics and other psychoactive drugs for the convenience of staff, often called "chemical restraint."[5] A Government Accountability Office (GAO) report released in March 2015 found a high number of antipsychotic prescriptions was still a major concern since the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had warned that antipsychotics can increase the risk of death for certain people with dementia. "While a large proportion of prescriptions for antipsychotic drugs in this population are used to treat behavioral symptoms, these drugs are not approved for this use, and antipsychotic drugs have health risks," according to the GAO. [6] The officials noted that while the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) had taken steps to address the use of these drugs in nursing homes, more outreach was needed educate people about the hazards of prescribing them. [7]

"The misuse of antipsychotic drugs as chemical restraints is one of the most common and long-standing, but preventable, practices causing serious harm to nursing home residents today," noted Toby Edelman, an attorney at the Center for Medicare Advocacy in Washington, D.C. [8]

In 2011, the Inspector General of HHS released a report titled "Medicare Atypical Antipsychotic Drug Claims for Elderly Nursing Home Residents." It focused on "atypical" (newer) drugs administered to residents 65 and older who spent more than 100 days in a nursing home and billed costs to Medicare over a six-month period. It found that 83 percent of the claims were for "off-label" conditions — or those not medically approved; 88 percent were related to dementia — a use specifically warned against in an FDA black box warning. [9] The CMS program to reduce antipsychotic use was then launched in March 2012.

Bringing this to national attention in January 2017 was the AARP Texas report called "Intolerable Care: A snapshot of the Texas nursing home crisis," which said CMS ranks Texas at 41 among the nation's worst offenders in administering antipsychotics.[10] AARP called for greater federal and state sanctions against nursing home facilities that violate regulations and resident protections. 

The Center for Medicare Advocacy, a nonprofit law organization, analyzed the continued overuse of antipsychotics in nursing homes. It found that in 2016, more than 270,000 nursing home residents were still being liberally drugged. The Center decried it as elder abuse and "a national scandal."[11]

Medicare Part D, a prescription drug program, paid roughly $363 million in 2012 for antipsychotic drugs prescribed for older adult Medicare Part D enrollees with dementia, according to the GAO report. [12] Quetiapine fumarate, risperidone and olanzapine were the most commonly prescribed antipsychotics for older adults with dementia comprising approximately $246 million in plan payments. Quetiapine fumarate accounted for 146,868 elderly or 48.7 percent of the antipsychotic prescriptions, costing $158 million. Risperidone was given to 100,108 people, representing 33.2 percent and $24 million. [13]

Adverse effects

• In 2005, the FDA recognized the risks associated with atypical antipsychotics and required them to have a boxed warning, citing a higher risk of death related to use among those with dementia and in 2008, extended the warning to older antipsychotics.[14]
• The powerful drugs, acting alone and in interaction with other drugs, have a long list of common side effects — including tremors, anxiety, confusion, insomnia, immobility, delirium, kidney and heart failure, and violent behavior. Another common effect, over-sedation, often greatly increases the risks of falls and fractures. And in some people, those diagnosed with Alzheimer's and other types of dementia, psychoactive drugs can even cause death. [15]
   
• Atypical antipsychotics are so dangerous in the elderly with dementia, at least 15,000 die in nursing homes from them each year, charged FDA drug reviewer David Graham in congressional testimony in November 2004.[16]
   
• There have been 44 warnings issued by regulatory agencies in eight countries (U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand, UK, Ireland, Denmark and South Africa) about the use of antipsychotics causing heart problems, weight gain, diabetes, mania, and death or increased risk of death.  Of these, 11 specifically warn about the use of antipsychotic drugs in the elderly with dementia or dementia-related psychosis because of their increased risk of stroke and/or death. [17]
   
• Benzodiazepines (sedative hypnotics) are also prescribed to the elderly and have been linked to increasing the risk of dementia. A study published by the journal BMJ reported that a team of researchers from France and Canada had linked benzodiazepine use to an increased risk of being diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. In the study, the greater a person's cumulative dose of benzodiazepines, the higher his or her risk of Alzheimer's. "Benzodiazepines are risky to use in older people because they can cause confusion and slow down mental processes," said Dr. Anne Fabiny, chief of geriatrics at Harvard-affiliated Cambridge Health Alliance. Taking the drugs for three to six months raised the risk of developing Alzheimer's by 32 percent, and taking it for more than six months boosted the risk by 84 percent.[18] "Unwarranted long term use of these drugs should be considered as a public health concern," researchers concluded.[19]

Electroshock Harms Elderly

In addition to high psychotropic drug prescriptions given the elderly, the use of electroshock therapy, also known as ECT, that sends up to 460 volts of electricity to the brain, is still used on the elderly. Medicare reported over 21,260 people given electroshock in 2014. More than 125,500 ECT treatments were delivered. [20] Between 2012 and 2014, the program paid $29.6 million to physicians (not including anesthesiologists that render the patient unconscious before treatment) for administering and monitoring ECT. 

ECT usage is likely much higher given that one Florida facility alone treats approximately 125 patients a year with electroshock, including those in their 90s, at a cost of $1,000-$2,500 a treatment—or potentially up to $2.5 million a year, if each was given eight treatments. [21]  There are over 400 psychiatric facilities in the U.S. that administer ECT and the electroshock industry is estimated up to $2 billion a year in the U.S. The treatment is considered by many to be dangerous with CCHR posting an online petition against its use.

In 2011, Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry reported "ECT is especially devastating to the vulnerable brain and body of the elderly….As would be predicted based on the fragility of the older brain, ECT causes more severe brain dysfunction in the elderly." [22]

The FDA reports that potentially significant adverse events associated with ECT include "cardiac ischemia [insufficient blood supply and oxygen to the heart], cardiac arrhythmias [abnormal heart rhythm], prolonged apnea [breathing stops and starts] and even death."[23]

AARP Texas points out that "The state has a duty to ensure that our most vulnerable citizens, including the elderly and individuals with disabilities, are treated in a manner that protects their health and safety and preserves their quality of life." Nursing homes, it says, are regulated by the state and federal governments for these purposes. The federal government can level sanctions against those homes that violate such regulations. The AARP report says those sanctions "need to be significant enough to serve as a deterrent to future violations."[24]

This is important given that this month, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to health, Dr. Dainius Pūras, called for a revolution in mental health care around the world to "end decades of neglect, abuse and violence."[25]

Cecilia Cavuto with the Department of Aging and Disability Services also provides good advice, CCHR says, "By eliminating antipsychotics we're improving the health of the residents and by providing providers with alternate tools and therapies we're providing better care as well," Ms. Cavuto said. [26]  For the protection of the elderly, those alternatives must also exclude the use of electroshock, which CCHR continues to call to be banned. It also encourages people to become better informed about treatment adverse effects and report any violations and abuses in nursing homes or behavioral facilities. Psychiatric abuse can be reported to CCHR here.

CCHR is an independent mental health industry watchdog organization that works for patient protections and encourages the public to take action against mental health abuse. In the course of its 48 years it has helped get more than 180 laws enacted. It was established by the Church of Scientology and Professor of Psychiatry Thomas Szsaz in 1969 and today has an advisory board from diverse fields, including mental health, psychology, medicine, law, education and the arts.

Contact: Amber Rauscher, media@cchr.org or (323) 467-4242.

References:

[1] http://www.todaysgeriatricmedicine.com/enewsletter/enews_0116_01.shtml

[2] Jerry H. Gurwitz, MD; Alice Bonner, PhD, RN; Donald M. Berwick, MD, MPP^{, "}Reducing Excessive Use of Antipsychotic Agents in Nursing Homes," JAMA, June 15, 2017. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.7032; http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2633274

[3] http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/12/08/368524824/old-and-overmedicated-the-real-drug-problem-in-nursing-homes; 42 C.F.R. PART 483—REQUIREMENTS FOR STATES AND LONG TERM CARE FACILITIES Title 42 - Public Health [iii] "Nursing Home Residents with Alzheimer's: Drugged to Death?" Senior Care Advice, 4 Nov. 2016, https://seniorcareadvice.com/nursing-home-residents-with-alzheimers-drugged-to-death.htm

[4] Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data: Physician and Other Supplier, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, CY 2012 through CY 2014, https://www.cms.gov/research-statistics-data-and-systems/statistics-trends-and-reports/medicare-provider-charge-data/physician-and-other-supplier.html.

[5] http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/12/08/368524824/old-and-overmedicated-the-real-drug-problem-in-nursing-homes; 42 C.F.R. PART 483—REQUIREMENTS FOR STATES AND LONG TERM CARE FACILITIES Title 42 - Public Health [v]

[6] P. 4, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-15-211; http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/668221.pdf.

[7] Alexandra Sifferlin "Antipsychotics Frequently Prescribed to Adults with Dementia Despite Risks," TIME, 2 Mar. 2017, http://time.com/3728312/antipsychotics-dementia/.

[8]"Antipsychotics in Nursing Homes: These dangerous medications are prescribed at an alarming rate without the patient's consent," AARP, Aug. 2004, http://www.aarp.org/health/drugs-supplements/info-2014/antipsychotics-overprescribed.html.

[9] https://seniorcareadvice.com/nursing-home-residents-with-alzheimers-drugged-to-death.htm.

[10] "Reform intolerable care in Texas nursing homes," Express-News, 3 April, 2017, http://www.mysanantonio.com/opinion/commentary/article/Reform-intolerable-care-in-Texas-nursing-homes-11047332.php; http://states.aarp.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/INTOLERABLE-CARE.pdf.

[11] "Nursing Home Residents With Alzheimer's: Drugged to Death?," Senior Care Advice, 4 Nov. 2016, https://seniorcareadvice.com/nursing-home-residents-with-alzheimers-drugged-to-death.htm.

[12] http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-15-211, P. 10; http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/668221.pdf.

[13] P. 20, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-15-211; http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/668221.pdf.

[14] P. 8, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-15-211; http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/668221.pdf.

[15]"Nursing Home Residents With Alzheimer's: Drugged to Death?," Senior Care Advice, 4 Nov. 2016, https://seniorcareadvice.com/nursing-home-residents-with-alzheimers-drugged-to-death.htm.

[16] Martha Rosenberg, "The Most Popular Drug in America Is an Antipsychotic and No One Really Knows How It Works," Alternet, 13 Nov 2014, http://www.alternet.org/most-popular-drug-america-antipsychotic-and-no-one-really-knows-how-it-works; http://www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2012/10/the-fda-exposed-an-interview-with-dr-david-graham/page-01    David Graham's testimony was before Congress in November 2004.

[17] https://www.cchrint.org/psychdrugdangers/.

[18] "Benzodiazepine use may raise risk of Alzheimer's disease," Harvard Health Publications, Harvard Medical School, 10 Sept. 2014, http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/benzodiazepine-use-may-raise-risk-alzheimers-disease-201409107397.

[19] Phil Hickey, "More on Benzos and Cognitive Damage," Behaviorism and Mental Health, Oct. 28, 2014, http://www.behaviorismandmentalhealth.com/2014/10/28/more-on-benzos-and-cognitive-damage/.

[20] Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data: Physician and Other Supplier, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, CY 2012 through CY 2014, https://www.cms.gov/research-statistics-data-and-systems/statistics-trends-and-reports/medicare-provider-charge-data/physician-and-other-supplier.html.

[21] https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/08/18/electro-shock-therapy-sees-a-resurgence/2668073/.

[22] "The FDA Should Test the Safety of ECT Machines," Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, Volume 12, Number 2, 2010; http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/springer/ehpp/2010/00000012/00000002/art00007?crawler=true.

[23] "FDA Executive Summary Prepared for the January 27-28, 2011 meeting of the Neurological Devices Panel Meeting to Discuss the Classification of Electroconvulsive Therapy Devices (ECT)," p.6.

[24] http://states.aarp.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/INTOLERABLE-CARE.pdf.

[25] "World needs 'revolution' in mental health care – UN rights expert,"http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21689&LangID=E#sthash.MMIxDbIx.dpuf; http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21689&LangID=E.

[26] http://www.tylerpaper.com/TP-News+Health/222140/25-of-texas-nursing-home-residents-getting-antipsychotic-drugs.

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World Needs "Revolution" in Mental Health Care, U.N. Health Rights Expert Reports by CCHR International

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SOURCE Citizens Commission on Human Rights International