House Financial Services Subcommittee Issues Testimony From National Low Income Housing Coalition President Yentel (Part 2 of 2)

WASHINGTON, Dec. 15 -- The House Financial Services Subcommittee on Housing and Insurance issued the following testimony by Diane Yentel, president and CEO of the National Low Income Housing Coalition, involving a hearing on Dec. 6, 2023, entitled "Housing Affordability: Governmental Barriers and Market-Based Solutions":

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(Continued from Part 1 of 2)

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Providing Increased Access to Stable, Fair, Affordable Housing

In the past, federal source-of-income protections garnered support among Republicans. Before retiring in 2018, Senator Orrin Hatch (R-UT) worked with Senator Tim Kaine (D-VA) to sponsor the "Fair Housing Improvement Act," which would expand the "Fair Housing Act" to prohibit discrimination based on source of income and military and veteran status. NLIHC urges Republican leadership on the bill, which was reintroduced in the 118th Congress by Senator Kaine and Representative Scott Peters (D-CA).

Additionally, Congress should expand the Fair Housing Act to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity, marital status, and source of income; establish anti-rent gouging protections for renters; end arbitrary screening and eviction policies to ensure access to housing for people exiting the criminal legal system; and enact legislation supporting tenant organizing.69

Improving Access to Affordable Housing in Rural America with the "Rural Housing Service Reform Act"

Congress should enact the "Rural Housing Service Reform Act," (S.2790) from Senators Tina Smith (D-MN) and Mike Rounds (R-SD). The bipartisan bill would improve the housing programs administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Rural Housing Service (RHS) through several reforms, including decoupling rental assistance from maturing mortgages, permanently establishing the Multifamily Housing Preservation and Revitalization Demonstration (MPR), improving USDA's Section 542 voucher program to better serve voucher holders, permanently establishing the Native Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFI) Relending pilot program, and improving staff training and capacity within RHS.

The Case for Increased Federal Investments in Affordable Homes

Investing in affordable housing solutions - like the national Housing Trust Fund, rental assistance, public housing, rural and tribal housing, and other proven solutions for ending homelessness and housing poverty - improves lives and saves the federal government money. Research clearly demonstrates that housing is inextricably linked to an array of positive outcomes in other sectors.

Education

Student achievement is maximized when students can go home to stable, affordable homes. Low-income children in affordable homes perform better on cognitive development tests than those in unaffordable homes.70 Low-income students who are forced to change schools frequently because of unstable housing perform less well in school and are less likely to graduate,71 and continual movement of children between schools disrupts learning for all students in the classroom because more time is required for review and catch-up work.72 When affordable housing options are located in high-opportunity areas with low poverty rates and economically diverse schools, the academic performance of low-income students rises dramatically and the achievement gap between them and their more affluent peers narrows.73 Yet across the country, low-income families are priced out of the strongest school districts: housing near high-performing public schools costs 2.4 times more on average than housing near low-performing public schools.74

Health

Access to decent, stable, affordable homes is a major social determinant of health and is linked to better health outcomes throughout a person's life. Children who experienced prenatal homelessness are 20% more likely to have been hospitalized since birth. Children who experienced post-natal homelessness are 22% more likely to have been hospitalized since birth.75 In 2011, families living in unaffordable homes spent one-fifth as much on necessary healthcare as those in affordable housing.76 When people have access to affordable housing, primary care visits increase by 20%, emergency room visits decrease by 18%, and total Medicaid expenditures decrease by 12%.77 Children's HealthWatch estimates that the United States will spend $111 billion over the next 10 years in avoidable healthcare costs due to housing instability.78

Economic Mobility

Affordable homes can also help children climb the income ladder as adults. In the study mentioned above, Raj Chetty and his team focused their research on low-income children whose families used housing vouchers to access affordable homes located in neighborhoods with lower poverty rates. Chetty and his colleagues found that such children were much more likely to attend college, less likely to become single parents, and more likely to earn more as adults. In fact, younger poor children who moved to lower-poverty neighborhoods with a housing voucher earned an average of $302,000 more over their lifetimes compared to their peers in higher-poverty neighborhoods.79 Similarly, in 2015, the Children's Defense Fund (CDF) modeled an expansion of the Housing Choice Voucher program and found that expanding the program's housing subsidies would reduce child poverty by 20.8% and lift 2.3 million children out of poverty entirely. Indeed, the CDF study found that, compared to nine other policy solutions explored by researchers, housing subsidies would have the greatest impact on alleviating child poverty.80

Economic Productivity

Investments in affordable homes are a proven catalyst for economic growth, job creation, larger government revenues, and increased consumer spending. According to the National Association of Home Builders, building 100 affordable homes generates an additional $11.7 million in local income, 161 new local jobs, and $2.2 million in taxes and other revenues for local government. The high cost of housing, meanwhile, limits opportunities for people to increase their earnings, in turn slowing GDP growth. Researchers estimate that GDP growth between 1964 and 2009 would have been 13.5% higher had families had wider access to affordable homes. Such an increase in GDP would have translated into a $1.7 trillion increase in national income, or $8,775 in additional wages per worker.81

Food Security

When rent payments eat into already limited paychecks, low-income families have fewer resources to buy adequate and nutritious food. Low-income families that live in affordable homes experience greater food security, and their children are 52% less likely to be underweight compared to those who are housing cost burdened.82

Criminal Justice

Individuals transitioning out of the criminal legal system face many housing obstacles and are especially vulnerable to homelessness. They rely on safe, affordable housing to reconnect with society and rebuild their lives. Formerly incarcerated individuals who find stable housing are much less likely to return to jail than those who do not.83

Veterans

After serving our country bravely, veterans should have access to decent, stable, affordable homes so they can thrive in the neighborhoods they swore to defend. Rental assistance for veterans has proven highly effective in dramatically reducing veteran homelessness, but there remains significant unmet need.84 The evidence is abundantly clear that being able to afford a decent home in a well-resourced neighborhood is a prerequisite for opportunity in America. Health, economic prospects, highquality education, and the other essential attributes of well-being can only be ensured if our nation's families have access to safe, decent, and affordable homes.

Conclusion

Significant and sustained federal investments, coupled with strengthened and enforced renter protections, are needed to ensure that people with the lowest incomes and those who are most marginalized have stable, accessible, and affordable homes. NLIHC looks forward to a continued partnership with members of Congress and the administration in advancing the largescale investments and anti-racist reforms needed to repair the gaping holes in our country's social safety net and ensure that every renter has an affordable place to call home.

1 National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2023). The Gap: A Shortage of Affordable Homes. Washington, DC. Retrieved from: https://nlihc.org/gap

2 National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2023). Out of Reach: The High Cost of Housing. Retrieved from: https://nlihc.org/oor

3 Fischer, W. & Sard, B. (2017). Federal housing spending is poorly matched to need. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved from: https://www.cbpp.org/research/housing/federal-housing-spending-ispoorly-matched-to-need

4 National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2023). The Gap: A Shortage of Affordable Homes.

Washington, DC. Retrieved from: https://nlihc.org/gap

5 National Alliance to End Homelessness. (2021). State of homelessness: 2021 edition. Retrieved from: https://endhomelessness.org/homelessness-in-america/homelessness-statistics/state-of-homelessness2021/

6 Eviction Lab. (2023). COVID-Era Policies Cut Eviction Filings By More Than Half. Retrieved from: https://evictionlab.org/covid-era-policies-cut-eviction-filings-by-more-than-half/

7 Desmond, M. (2023). Poverty, By America. (First edition). Crown.

8 U.S. Department of the Treasury. (2023). Treasury Announces $690 Million to be Reallocated to Prevent Eviction. Retrieved from: https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1213

9 Eviction Lab. (2018). National Eviction Map [map]. Retrieved from: https://evictionlab.org/map

10 ApartmentList (2023). Historic Rent Estimates, downloaded on November 27, 2023. Retrieved from: www.apartmentlist.com/research/category/data-rent-estimates

11 McCarthy, J., Peach, R., & Ploenke, M. (2015). The measurement of rent inflation. New York, NY: Federal Reserve Bank of New York. https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/media/research/staff_reports/sr425.pdf

12 National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2023). The Gap: A Shortage of Affordable Homes. Washington, DC. Retrieved from: https://nlihc.org/gap

13 National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2023). Congressional district housing profiles: Ohio, Missouri, Washington, DC. Retrieved from: https://nlihc.org/gap

14 U.S. Census Bureau. (2022). 2020 American Community Survey 5-year Subject Tables [Data set]. Retrieved from: https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=United%20States

15 National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2023). The Gap. Retrieved from https://nlihc.org/gap

16 National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2023). The Gap. Retrieved from https://nlihc.org/gap

17 Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University. (2022). America's rental housing 2022. Cambridge, MA. Retrieved from: https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/reports/files/Harvard_JCHS_Americas_Rental_Housing_2022.pdf

18 Public & Affordable Housing and Research Corporation and National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2021). 2021 Picture of Preservation. Retrieved from: https://preservationdatabase.org/wpcontent/uploads/2021/10/NHPD_2021Report.pdf

19 National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2023). Out of Reach: The High Cost of Housing. Retrieved from: https://nlihc.org/oor

20 National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2023). Out of Reach: The High Cost of Housing. Retrieved from: https://nlihc.org/oor

21 Fischer, W. & Sard, B. (2017). Federal housing spending is poorly matched to need. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved from: https://www.cbpp.org/research/housing/federal-housing-spending-ispoorly-matched-to-need

22 Acosta, S. & Guerrero, B. (2021). Long waitlists for housing vouchers show pressing unmet need for assistance. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved from: https://www.cbpp.org/research/housing/long-waitlists-for-housing-vouchers-show-pressing-unmet-needfor-assistance

23 Myers, D. & Park, J. (2020). Filtering of apartment housing between 1980 and 2018. National Multifamily Housing Council. https://www.nmhc.org/globalassets/research--insight/researchreports/filtering-data/nmhc-research-foundation-filtering-2020-final.pdf

24 Bailey, P. (2022). Addressing the affordable housing crisis requires expanding rental assistance and adding housing units. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. https://www.cbpp.org/research/housing/addressing-the-affordable-housing-crisis-requires-expandingrental-assistance-and

25 National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2022). Public housing. Advocates' Guide 2022. Retrieved from: https://nlihc.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/2022AG_4-08_Public-Housing.pdf

26 Fischer, W., Acosta, S., & Bailey, A. (2021). An agenda for the future of public housing. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved from: https://www.cbpp.org/research/housing/an-agenda-for-thefuture-of-public-housing

27 Leifheit, K., Linton, S., Raifman, J., Schwartz, G., Benfer, E., Zimmerman, F., & Pollack, C. (2020). Expiring eviction moratoriums and COVID-19 incidence and mortality. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3739576

28 Marcal, K., Fowler, P., & Hovmand, P.S. (2022). Feedback dynamics of the low-income rental housing market: Exploring policy responses to COVID-19. Retrieved from: https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.12647?context=cs

29 National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2023). Treasury Emergency Rental Assistance (ERA) Dashboard. Retrieved on October 17, 2023, from: https://nlihc.org/era-dashboard

30 U.S. Department of the Treasury. (2023). ERA1 & ERA2 Quarterly Demographic Data: Q1 2021-Q4, 2022 [xls]. Retrieved on March 22, 2023, from: https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/Q1-2021-Q4-2022-ERA-Demographic-Data.xlsx ; and U.S. Department of the Treasury. (2023). ERA2 Cumulative Program Data: Q2 2021-Q2 2023 [xls]. Retrieved on October 16, 2023, from: https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/Q2-2021-Q2-2023-ERA2-Reporting-Data.xlsx.

31 Eviction Lab. (2022). Eviction tracking system. Retrieved on July 26, 2022, from: https://evictionlab.org/eviction-tracking/

32 U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2020). Better HUD oversight of data collection could improve estimates of homeless population. GAO-20-433. Retrieved from: https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-20-433

33 Fuller, Thomas. (2022, April 18). A rising tally of lonely deaths on the streets. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/18/us/homeless-deaths-los-angeles.html

34 Anderson, D. (2023). Real estate investors pull back, buying 45% fewer homes than a year ago. Redfin News. Retrieved from: https://www.redfin.com/news/investor-home-purchases-drop-q2-2023/

35 Vogell, H. (2022). When private equity becomes your landlord. ProPublica. Retrieved from: https://www.propublica.org/article/when-private-equity-becomes-your-landlord

36 Ludden, J. (2022). Corporate landlords used aggressive tactics to push out more tenants than was known. NPR. Retrieved from: https://www.npr.org/2022/07/28/1114128514/corporate-landlords-usedaggressive-tactics-to-push-out-more-tenants-than-was-kn

37 National Multifamily Housing Council. (2022). NMHC 50 largest apartment owners. Retrieved from: https://www.nmhc.org/research-insight/the-nmhc-50/top-50-lists/2022-top-owners-list/

38 Vogell, H. (2022). When private equity becomes your landlord. ProPublica. Retrieved from: https://www.propublica.org/article/when-private-equity-becomes-your-landlord

39 Raymond, E., Zha, Y., Knight-Scott, E., & Cabrera, L. (2022). Large corporate buyers of residential rental housing during the COVID-19 pandemic in three southeastern metropolitan areas. Georgia Tech Planning and Property Lab. Retrieved from: https://sites.gatech.edu/planningproperty/recentpublications/report-2022-1/

40 Private Equity Stakeholder Institute. (2022). Private equity firms now rank among the largest owners of US subsidized affordable housing properties. Retrieved from: https://pestakeholder.org/news/privateequity-firms-now-rank-among-the-largest-owners-of-us-subsidized-affordable-housing-properties

41 Vogell, H. (2023). DOJ backs tenants in case alleging price-fixing by landlords and a real estate tech company. ProPublica. Retrieved from: https://www.propublica.org/article/doj-backs-tenants-price-fixingcase-big-landlords-real-estate-tech.

42 Kovatch, S. (2022). 5 takeaways from our investigation into RealPage's rent-setting algorithm. ProPublica. Retrieved from; https://www.propublica.org/article/why-rent-is-so-high

43 House Financial Services Committee, "Memorandum," June 23, 2022, https://financialservices.house.gov/uploadedfiles/hhrg-117-ba09-20220628-sd002.pdf

44 House Financial Services Committee, "Memorandum Appendices."

45 Lopez, Kattan, & Ash, "The National Rental Home Council."

46 Raymond, Zha, Knight-Scott, & Cabrera, "Large corporate buyers of residential rental housing during the COVID-19 pandemic in three southeastern metropolitan areas."

47 Immergluck, D., Ernsthausen, J., Earl, S., & Powell, A. (2020). Evictions, large owners, and serial filings: Findings from Atlanta. Housing Studies, 35(5), 903-924. Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02673037.2019.1639635

48 Leung, L., Hepburn, P., & Desmond, M. (2021). Serial eviction filing: Civil courts, property management, and the threat of displacement. Social Forces, 100(1), 316-344. Retrieved from: https://academic.oup.com/sf/article/100/1/316/5903878

49 Leung, Hepburn, & Desmond, "Serial Eviction Filing."

50 House Financial Services Committee, "Memorandum."

51 Raymond, Zha, Knight-Scott, & Cabrera, "Large corporate buyers of residential rental housing during the COVID-19 pandemic in three southeastern metropolitan areas."

52 Raymond, E. L., Miller, B., McKinney, M., & Braun, J. (2021). Gentrifying Atlanta: Investor purchases of rental housing, evictions, and the displacement of Black residents. Housing Policy Debate, 31: 818-834. doi: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1887318. Retrieved from: https://www.nlihc.org/sites/default/files/Gentrifying-Atlanta-Investor-Purchases-of-Rental-HousingEvictions-and-the-Displacement-of-Black-Residents.pdf

53 Lopez, Kattan, & Ash, "The National Rental Home Council."

54 Vogell, "When Private Equity Becomes Your Landlord."

55 Lopez, Kattan, & Ash, "The National Rental Home Council."

56 House Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis. (2022). Examining pandemic evictions: A report on abuses by four corporate landlords during the coronavirus crisis. Retrieved from: https://coronavirus.house.gov/sites/democrats.coronavirus.house.gov/files/2022.07.28%20SSCC%20Staf f%20Report%20Examining%20Pandemic%20Evictions.pdf

57 Fasanelli, A. K. & Tegeler, P. (2019). Your money's no good here: Combatting source of income discrimination in housing. American Bar Association. Retrieved from: https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/economicjustice/your-money-s-no-good-here--combatting-source-of-income-discrimin/

58 Vasquez, J., Calabro, A., Johnson, K., & Gallagher, S. (2022). Tenant protections and emergency rental assistance during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. National Low Income Housing Coalition. Retrieved from: https://nlihc.org/sites/default/files/Promoting-Housing-Stability-Through-Just-CauseEviction-Legislation.pdf

59 National Law Center on Homelessness & Poverty. (2018). Protect tenants, prevent homelessness. Retrieved from: https://homelesslaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ProtectTenants2018.pdf

60 Desmond, M. (2015). Unaffordable America: Poverty, housing, and eviction. Institute for Research on Poverty. Retrieved from: https://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/fastfocus/pdfs/FF22-2015.pdf

61 Park, S. & Pollock, J. (2021). Tenants' right to counsel is critical to fight mass evictions and advance race equity during the pandemic and beyond. American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved from: https://www.aclu.org/news/racial-justice/tenants-right-to-counsel-is-critical-to-fight-mass-evictions-andadvance-race-equity-during-the-pandemic-and-beyond

62 Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. (2017). Housing Choice Voucher fact sheets. Retrieved from: https://www.cbpp.org/housing-choice-voucher-fact-sheets

63 Opportunity Starts at Home Campaign. (2023). Housing influences outcomes across many sectors and the research shows it. Retrieved from: https://www.opportunityhome.org/related-sectors/

64 Himmelstein, G. & Desmond, M. (2021). Eviction and health: A vicious cycle exacerbated by a pandemic. Health Affairs. Retrieved from: https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hpb20210315.747908/

65 National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2022). ERASE Project: Tenant Protections Resources. Retrieved from: https://nlihc.org/tenant-protections

66 Vasquez, J., Calabro, A., Johnson, K., & Gallagher, S. (2022). Tenant protections and emergency rental assistance during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. National Low Income Housing Coalition. Retrieved from: https://nlihc.org/sites/default/files/Tenant-Protections_Emergency-Rental-Assistanceduring_beyond_COVID-19_Pandemic.pdf

67 Acosta, Sonya. (2023, October 24). Final appropriations package will need additional funding to avoid rental assistance cuts. Off the charts: Policy insight beyond the numbers. Retrieved from: https://www.cbpp.org/blog/final-appropriations-package-will-need-additional-funding-to-avoid-rentalassistance-cuts

68 Chetty, R., Hendren, N., & Katz, L. F. (2015). The effects of exposure to better neighborhoods on children: New evidence from the Moving to Opportunity experiment. National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from: https://www.nber.org/papers/w21156

69 National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2022). Expand renter protections. Retrieved from: https://nlihc.org/sites/default/files/Solution_Renter-Protections.pdf

70 Newman, S. J. & Holupka, C. S. (2015). Housing Affordability and Child Well-Being. Housing Policy Debate, 25(1), 116-151. Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10511482.2014.899261

71 Voight, A., Shinn, M., & Nation, M. (2012). The Longitudinal Effects of Residential Mobility on the Academic Achievement of Urban Elementary and Middle School Students. Educational Researcher, 41(9), 385-392. Retrieved from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.3102/0013189X12442239; Cunningham, M., & MacDonald, G. (2012.) Housing as a Platform for Improving Education Outcomes among Low-Income Children. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Retrieved from: http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/25331/412554-Housing-as-aPlatform-for-ImprovingEducation-Outcomes-among-Low-Income-Children.PDF; Fischer, W. (2015). Research Shows Housing Vouchers Reduce Hardship and Provide Platform for Long-Term Gains Among Children. Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved from: http://www.cbpp.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/3-10-14hous.pdf

72 Cunningham, M. & MacDonald, G. (2012). Housing as a Platform for Improving Education Outcomes among Low Income Children. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Retrieved from: http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/25331/412554-Housing-as-a-Platform-forImprovingEducation-Outcomes-among-Low-Income-Children.PDF

73 Schwartz, H. (2010). Housing Policy is School Policy. Washington, DC: The Century Foundation. Retrieved from: https://tcf.org/assets/downloads/tcf-Schwartz.pdf.

74 Rothwell, J. (2012). Housing Costs, Zoning, and Access to High-Scoring Schools. Washington DC: Brookings Metropolitan Policy Program. Retrieved from: https://www.brookings.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2016/06/0419_school_inequality_rothwell.pdf

75 Sandel, M. et al. (2016). Housing as a Healthcare Investment. National Housing Conference and Children's HealthWatch. Retrieved from: https://www.opportunityhome.org/wpcontent/uploads/2018/02/Housing-as-a-HealthCare-Investment.pdf

76 Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University. (2013). The State of the Nation's Housing. Retrieved from: http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/son2013.pdf

77 Wright, B. et al. (2016). Health in Housing. Center for Outcomes Research and Education. Retrieved from: https://www.enterprisecommunity.org/download?fid=5703&nid=4247

78 Poblacion A., Bovell-Ammon A., Sheward R., Sandel M., Ettinger de Cuba S., Cutts D., Cook J. (2017). Stable Homes Make Healthy Families. Children's HealthWatch Policy Action Brief. Retrieved from: http://childrenshealthwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/CHW-Stable-Homes-2-pager-web.pdf

79 Chetty, R., Hendren, N., & Katz, L. (2015). The Effects of Exposure to Better Neighborhoods on Children: New Evidence from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from: http://www.nber.org/mtopublic/final/MTO_IRS_2015.pdf.

80 Children's Defense Fund and Urban Institute. (2015). Ending Child Poverty Now. Retrieved from: https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Ending-Child-Poverty-Now.pdf

81 Moretti, E. & Hsieh, C. (2015). Housing Constraints and Spatial Misallocation. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics. Retrieved from: http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/changtai.hsieh/research/growth.pdf

82 Children's HealthWatch and Medical-Legal Partnership of Boston. (2009). Rx for Hunger: Affordable Housing. Retrieved from: https://www.issuelab.org/resources/5379/5379.pdf

83 Fontaine, J. (2013). The Role of Supportive Housing in Successful Reentry Outcomes for Disabled Prisoners. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research, 15(3). U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Retrieved from: https://www.huduser.gov/portal/periodicals/cityscpe/vol15num3/ch3.pdf

84 Fischer, W. (2014). Rental Assistance Helps More than 340,000 Veterans Afford Homes, But Large Unmet Need Remain. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved from: https://www.cbpp.org/research/rental-assistancehelps-more-than-340000-veterans-afford-homes-butlarge-unmet-needs-remain#_ftn4

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Original text here: https://docs.house.gov/meetings/BA/BA04/20231206/116635/HHRG-118-BA04-Wstate-YentelD-20231206.pdf